01 Jul Fatigue Risk Management System
Fatigue Risk Management Systems HFSY 359 SEMINAR 4 Dr NG WEE TONG Scope • What are the components of a FRMS? When is a FRMS critical? • Shift work especially if there is a night shift. • Extended hours e.g. transportation (trucking/ pilots etc), medical. • Industries with historically high accident rates or high risk activities (e.g. construction, marine, petrochemical, chemical, nuclear). • Where fatigue related hazards feature prominently in the risk assessment. Evolution of FRMS • From – Sleep recommendations • To – Hours of Service Guidelines • To – FRMS 1st gen: Encourage adequate sleep e.g. military and other services where working hours are long or unpredictable 2nd gen: Control hours of work 3rd gen: FRMS • • • • • • • Subset of a Safety Management System More than just Risk Assessment Managing the fatigue related hazards Science based Data Driven More flexible than duty-rest or hours of service regulations In sync with the global move from prescriptive systems to risk managed systems FRMS: Working Definition • A scientifically based, data-driven addition or alternative to prescriptive hours of work limitations which manages employee fatigue in a flexible manner appropriate to the level of risk exposure and the nature of the operation. • SHARED RESPONSIBILITY between company and employees. – e.g. company can deploy countermeasures but employees must also take responsibility for their own sleep/rest. FRMS: Components • SEVEN Components: – fatigue management policy; – fatigue risk management, including collecting information on fatigue as a hazard, analyzing its risk, and instigating controls to mitigate that risk; – fatigue reporting system for employees; – fatigue incident investigation; – fatigue management training and education (employees, management and families); – sleep disorder management; – audit and continual improvement process FRMS: Policy • Commitment by the company to provide a holistic approach to fatigue related hazards. “Think through what you want to do and then put it in the policy.” FRMS: Policy FRMS: Risk Management • Identify the hazards (Who, When, How) – – – – Workload Work Assessment (SEM 2) Shift Assessment (SEM 3/4) (Surveillance for Sleep Disorders) – with medical support (DWD, OM Phys) • Risk Assessment – Qualitative/ Quantitative (SEM 4) • Control Measures – we discuss this now FRMS: Risk Control FRMS: Risk Control WORKLOAD SHIFT SCHEDULES & CHARACTERISTICS WORK ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS REST BREAKS NAPPING & CAFFEINE FRMS: Risk Control WORKLOAD SHIFT SCHEDULES & CHARACTERISTICS WORK ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS REST BREAKS NAPPING & CAFFEINE also assess workload to avoid high risk tasks at high risk timings FRMS: Risk Control: Rest Breaks • Rest Breaks – Length of time between breaks and length of breaks is very variable. • type of work • workload – Generally, a rest break of 15-20 mins every two hours of work is a starting baseline (production line/ manual work). – Most countries have a law governing this! – Extreme example, certain air traffic controllers work “two hours on-two hours off”! • due to the high mental workload of the task FRMS: Risk Control: Rest Breaks UK What about Singapore? -cover in SEM 6 FRMS: Risk Control: Napping • Napping – taking a twenty minute nap in the middle of a night shift can increase performance on a vigilance test (Purnell 2002, Hayashi 2010) • may not affect fatigue or sleepiness scores – Concept of the 20-minute nap • for night shift, can be planned mid-shift. • designed to avoid Stage 3 sleep and minimise sleep inertia. • gives a short term alertness boost (1-2 hrs) – Concept of the 60-90 minute nap • for extended periods of wakefulness or where sleep debt over several nights is expected e.g. military operations, disaster/ crisis management. • designed to capture one REM cycle and reduce sleep debt. • allows for operations over several days with less normal sleep. FRMS: Risk Control: Napping FRMS: Risk Control: Caffeine • Strategic Caffeine Consumption – Found commonly in beverages such as coffee, tea and colas. • also caffeine chewing gum and sweets. – Pharmacodynamics: • 15-30 minutes before effects • 1 hour after ingestion before maximal effect • lasts for up to 5 hours – Problem with tolerance in habitual or heavy caffeine consumption – Studies have shown some efficacy • Low doses of caffeine (4 mg/kg, with 1 cup coffee=100 mg of caffeine) administered at 12:20 AM and 1:20 AM have been shown to effectively decrease sleep tendency on the night shift, enhance performance during the first 2 nights of a block of night shifts, and yet not disrupt daytime sleep (Kuhn 2001). FRMS: Risk Control: Caffeine TOLERANCE CAN DEVELOP AVOID SLEEP TIMES LASTS 5 HOURS DRINK WATER FRMS: Risk Control: Caffeine • Practically – Day shift does not usually need a caffeine dosing strategy. – Afternoon/ Evening shifts can take caffeine between 5-7 pm to increase alertness as they head towards midnight. – Night shift can take caffeine between Midnight and 2am to increase alertness. FRMS: Risk Control: Caffeine FRMS: Components • SEVEN Components: – fatigue management policy; – fatigue risk management, including collecting information on fatigue as a hazard, analyzing its risk, and instigating controls to mitigate that risk; – fatigue reporting system for employees; – fatigue incident investigation; – fatigue management training and education (employees, management and families); – sleep disorder management; – audit and continual improvement process FRMS : Reporting Systems • Employee reporting systems – confidential – based on non-punitive just culture – allows employees to • report any fatigue related incident – (successful reporting systems are a challenge to implement!) – In some industries, can self report if they feel they are too tired to be safe. • generally for safety critical industries – aviation – nuclear FRMS : Incident Investigation • All fatigue-related incidents should be investigated – DO NOT WAIT for them to become accidents! – Establish • Standard reporting template • Incident investigation team • Non-punitive Just Culture • Track statistics FRMS : Training and Education • Managers • Employees • (Families) • Understand the threat of fatigue related hazards. • Emphasize shared responsibility. • Periodic to catch new employees. FRMS : Sleep Disorder Management May need support from medical professionals. FRMS: Audit • An internal audit system should be established – annual audit – accountable to senior management – targeted at the components of the FRMS e.g. • risk assessments are up to date • countermeasures were implemented • reporting system is active (not dead!) FRMS: Starting Correctly • Success depends on: – – – – Management understanding the impact of fatigue related hazards. Employees believing that the FRMS is “just”. Deployment of good science and knowledge. Build the correct culture. • Practically: – Numerous briefings by the “FRMS core team/ working group” to senior management and workers. – Going to the ground to address misconceptions. – Communicate the FRMS to all levels of the company in forums appropriate for each level e.g. toolbox briefs, safety days, posters etc. END …
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