How does the bulk flow of filtrate into the capsule

11 Jun How does the bulk flow of filtrate into the capsule

Question
Question 1 (1 point)

How does the bulk flow of filtrate into the capsule differ from diffusion?

Question 1 options:
In the glomerulus, blood pressure forces all the particles through the membrane in multiple directions, creating filtrate in which particles are in the same concentration as in blood plasma. Bulk flow can be compared to the movement of water and floating particles in a river flowing downhill.

In the glomerulus, blood pressure forces all the particles through the membrane in two directions, creating filtrate in which particles are in the same concentration as in blood plasma. Bulk flow can be compared to the movement of water and floating particles in a river flowing downhill.

In the glomerulus, blood pressure forces all the particles through the membrane in one direction, creating filtrate in which particles are in the same concentration as in blood plasma. Bulk flow can be compared to the movement of water and floating particles in a river flowing downhill.

In the glomerulus, blood pressure forces all the particles through the membrane in multiple directions, creating filtrate in which particles are in the same concentration as in blood plasma. Bulk flow is the same as diffusion.

Question 2 (1 point)

In what ways is nephritic filtration similar to the formation of interstitial fluid (lymph) in other tissues in the body?

Question 2 options:
Both nephric filtrate and interstitial fluid are formed as blood pressure forces lots of water and large solutes from blood plasma through pores in a capillary bed.

Nephric filtrate is formed as blood pressure forces some water and interstitial fluid retains small solutes from blood plasma through pores in a capillary bed.

Interstitial fluid is formed as blood pressure forces some water and nephric filtrate retains small solutes from blood plasma through pores in a capillary bed.

Both nephric filtrate and interstitial fluid are formed as blood pressure forces some water and small solutes from blood plasma through pores in a capillary bed.

Question 3 (2.5 points)

One of the effects of a drug overdose is a serious decrease in blood pressure. How might this affect kidney function? Select all the correct answers.

Question 3 options:
When blood pressure drops drastically, blood flow is greatly decreased and filtration stops.

Cell in the kidney may die from the lack of oxygen and nutrients normally supplied by blood flow.

Urine is not formed.

Permenant kidney damage is possible.

People with serious drug overdoses sometimes require dialysis or kidney transplants.

Although dangerous there is ususally not kidney damage.

Urine is still formed.

People with serious drug overdoses sometimes need to have their glomerulus filtered.

Question 4 (1 point)

Why is it that blood cells and proteins are not usually found in the filtrate?

Question 4 options:
Blood cells and protein molecules are forced through the pores in the glomerulus.

Blood cells and large plasma protein molecules are small enough to be forced through the pores in the glomerulus.

Blood cells and protein molecules are relocated through a different path and forced through the pores in the glomerulus.

Blood cells and large plasma protein molecules are too large to be forced through the pores in the glomerulus.

Question 5 (1 point)

Why are useful molecules like glucose and other nutrients found in the filtrate along with urea and other wastes?

Question 5 options:
Glucose and urea are both found in the filtrate because they are small enough to be forced through the pores in the glomerulus.

Glucose and urea are rarely found in the filtrate because they are both neeeded int he body. If they make it to the glomerulus they have been forced there unwillingly.

Glucose and urea are both found in the filtrate because they take the filtrate path and by pass the pores .

Glucose and urea are both found in the filtrate because they take the filtrate path and by pass the glomerulus .

Question 6 (1 point)

Sometimes bacterial infection causes nephritis – an inflammation of membranes in the glomerulus and capsule. Large pores are created where blood cells enter the nephron. What symptom would indicate this problem?

Question 6 options:
The urine would be yellow, since red blood cells are not reabsorbed if they enter the nephron.

The urine would be bloody, since red blood cells are not reabsorbed if they enter the nephron.

The urine would most likely be normal, since red blood cells are not reabsorbed if they enter the nephron.

The urine would be clear, since red blood cells are not reabsorbed if they enter the nephron.

Question 7 (1 point)

In terms of energy costs to the cells in the proximal tubule, the reabsorption of salt (Na+ and Cl-) and water has been called a deal where we get “3 for the price of 1”.

Question 7 options:
Reabsorption of wateroccurs by active transport, so ATP is spent. However, Cl–absorption (electrostatic attraction to Na+) and Na+(osmosis) are “free”—no ATP is spent.

Reabsorption of Na+occurs by active transport, so ATP is spent. However, Cl–absorption (electrostatic attraction to Na+) and water reabsorption (osmosis) are “free”—no ATP is spent.

Reabsorption of Na+occurs by osmosis, so no ATP is spent. However, Cl–absorption (electrostatic attraction to Cl–) and water reabsorption through active transport, so ATP is spent.

Reabsorption of Cl–occurs by active transport, so ATP is spent. However, Na+absorption (electrostatic attraction to Cl–) and water reabsorption (osmosis) are “free”—no ATP is spent.

Question 8 (3 points)

Select the other useful substances, in addition to Na+, Cl- and water, are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

Question 8 options:
Amino acids

vitamins

carbon dioxide

phosphate

nitrate

blood

sulfate ions

potassium

oxygen

calcium

Question 9 (1 point)

Why are the two parts of the nephron loop called descending and ascending?

Question 9 options:
The descending loop is the portion that carries filtrate deep into the renal medulla, away from the cortex. The ascending loop carries filtrate back toward the kidney surface.

The ascending loop is the portion that carries filtrate deep into the renal medulla, away from the cortex. The descending loop carries filtrate back toward the kidney surface.

The descending loop is the portion that carries filtrate back toward the kidney surface. The ascending loop carries filtrate deep into the renal medulla, away from the cortex.

The descending loop is the portion that carries filtrate deep into the renal medulla, away from kidney surface. The ascending loop carries filtrate back toward the cortex.

Question 10 (1 point)

Which statment best describes the process of reabsorption from the decesding loop?

Question 10 options:
Water is excreted through active transport as the filtrate descends because tissue in the medulla becomes increasingly salty with depth.

Water is reabsorbed by osmosis as the filtrate descends because tissue in the medulla becomes increasingly salty with depth.

Salt is reabsorbed by active transport as the filtrate descends because tissue in the medulla becomes increasingly salty with depth.

Salt is reabsorbed by osmosis as the filtrate descends because tissue in the medulla becomes increasingly diluted with depth.

Question 11 (1 point)

Where is the highest concentration of Na+ found?

Question 11 options:
The highest concentration of Na+is found in the filtrate at the bottom of the loop.

The highest concentration of Na+is found in the filtrate at the top of the loop.

The highest concentration of Na+is found in the filtrate in the middle of the loop.

The highest concentration of Na+is found in the filtrate at the end of the loop.

Question 12 (1 point)

Order the following statemtns according to the process of reabsorption from the ascending loop.

Question 12 options:

Near the base of the ascending loop, Na+diffuses from the filtrate into the nearby blood vessels
Cl– ions follow by electrostatic attraction.
Further up the ascending loop at the thick-walled portion that is impermeable to water, Na+ions are actively transported into the medulla.

Question 13 (1 point)

The reabsorption of salts and water in the distal tubule is similar to that in the proximal tubule, except that the permeability of the distal tubule wall varies depending on the osmotic pressure of body fluids

Question 13 options:
True
False

Question 14 (1 point)

When someone is thirsty, the distal tubule wall is permeable, allowing for an increased retention of water.

Question 14 options:
True
False

Question 15 (1.5 points)

In the distal tubule, certain wastes and ions are added by active transport into the nephron, becoming part of the urine that is forming. These extra materials include

Question 15 options:
oxygen

hydrogen ions

potassium ions

amino acids

fat

blood

drugs