NKU NRP472 2019 February All Modules Quizzes Latest

16 Jun NKU NRP472 2019 February All Modules Quizzes Latest

Question
NRP472 NURSING RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE

Module 1 Quiz

Question 1

The classic scientific method has its intellectual roots in which of the following?

Positivism

Empiricism

Determinism

Constructivism

Question 2

Which of the following is a hallmark of the scientific method?

Rigorous

Systematic

Flexible

Holistic

Question 3

When little is known about a phenomenon or the phenomenon is not clearly identified, the best type of research suited to uncover this is which of the following?

Identification

Prediction

Exploration

Description

Question 4

Evidenced-based nursing primarily uses which of the following to answer clinical questions?

Obtaining the newest research

Consulting an authority

Using intuition

Relying on experience

Question 5

Which of the following attributes is least characteristic of the traditional scientific method?

Emphasis on a holistic view of a phenomenon, studied in a rich context

Systematic measurement and observation of natural phenomena

Control over external factors

Testing of hunches deduced from theory or prior research

Question 6

Which of the following is a descriptive question that a qualitative researcher most likely would ask?

What is the nature of this phenomenon?

How frequently does this phenomenon occur?

What is the average duration of this phenomenon?

What is the average intensity of this phenomenon?

Question 7

A researcher wants to explore the process by which men make decisions about treatment for prostate cancer. The researcher’s paradigm is most likely which of the following?

Determinism

Empiricism

Constructivism

Positivism

Question 8

Which of the following groups would be best served by the development of a scientific base for nursing practice?

Practicing nurses

Nurses’ clients

Nursing administrators

Health care policymakers

Question 9

Which of the following research focuses is qualitative?

Weekend and night outcomes of patients admitted to a specific hospital system’s trauma departments

Needs of nursing students living with chronic illness

Trends in hospitalizations of patients with antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis

Predicting risks for serious complications with abdominal surgery

Question 10

An especially important goal for the nursing profession is to do which of the following?

Document the role nursing serves in society

Conduct research to better understand the context of nursing practice

Establish a solid base of evidence for practice through disciplined research

Establish research priorities

Question 11

Which of the following is the best resource to use when beginning the search for evidence necessary for an individual EBP project?

Polit, D. R., & Beck, C. T. (2014). Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer| Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Durbin, C. R., Fish, A. F., Bachman, J. A., & Smith, K. V. (2010). Systematic review of education intervention for improving advanced directive completion. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42, 234-241.

Aggarwal, B., Liao, M., & Mosca, L. (2010). Predictors of physical activity at 1 year in a randomized controlled trial of family members of patients with cardiovascular disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 29(6), 444-449.

Hayat, M. (2010). Understanding statistical significance. Nursing Research, 59(3), 219-223.

Question 12

Which of the following is a question that would be asked as part of the process of appraising research evidence?

What are the P, I, and O components?

How rigorous and reliable is the evidence?

What type of trigger should I use?

Is a relevant systematic review available?

Question 13

A nurse is observing how the time of feeding impacts an inpatient’s gastric reflux. In which of the following steps of the EBP process would the nurse determine whether a specific feeding time alleviated the patient’s gastric reflux symptoms?

Assessing the effectiveness of the decision, intervention, or advice

Searching for and collecting evidence that addresses the question

Appraising and synthesizing the evidence

Integrating the evidence with own clinical expertise, patient preferences, and local context

Question 14

A narrative integrated review of qualitative studies focuses on interpretation of the studies. Which of the following study types would be considered an systematic integrated review of qualitative studies?

Meta-analysis

Randomized controlled trial

Meta-synthesis

Quasi-experiment

Question 15

In which of the following clinical questions is fatigue the “I” component?

Does a physical activity intervention affect fatigue in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation?

What is the meaning of fatigue among patients with sleep apnea?

Does fatigue affect agitation in cognitively impaired elders?

Does the level of depression of patients suffering from chronic fatigue improve by participating in an exercise intervention?

Fatigue is the “I” component (intervention, influence, or exposure) in the question, “Does fatigue affect agitation in cognitively impaired elders?” In the other answers, fatigue is one of the other components.

Question 16

Which of the following activities is part of an organizational—but not an individual—EBP endeavor?

Assessing implementation potential

Synthesizing and appraising evidence

Asking a good question/identifying a problem

Searching for evidence

Question 17

Which of the following can be used to critically appraise clinical practice guidelines?

A systematic review from the Cochrane Collaboration

The Iowa model

An evidence hierarchy

The AGREE instrument

Question 18

In the following clinical question, what is the Population (P component): Do stress and depression affect dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Patients who are depressed

Patients who experience dyspnea

Patients with COPD

Patients who are stressed

Question 19

The best-known early research utilization (RU) project sought to bridge the gap between research and practice. Which following is the name of that well-known project?

Stetler Model of Research Utilization

Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) Project

Cochrane Collaboration

Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services

Question 20

Which of following study types is a systematic review used for integration of statistical quantitative research findings?

Randomized controlled trial

Quasi-experiment

Meta-synthesis

Meta-analysis

Question 21

The aggregate of those to whom a researcher wishes to generalize study results is which of the following?

Sampling plan

Gatekeepers

Sample

Population

Question 22

The overall plan for answering a research question—the architectural backbone of a study—is called which of the following?

Hypothesis

Sampling plan

Proposal

Research design

Question 23

The dependent (outcome) variable in the research question, “Is the quality of life of nursing home residents affected by their functional ability or hearing acuity?” is which of the following?

Hearing acuity

Functional ability

Quality of life

Residence in a nursing home

Question 24

For which of the following pairs of variables is there most likely to be a relationship that could be described as causal?

Degree of physical activity and heart rate

Age and health beliefs

Stress and coping style

Gender and depression

Question 25

“Male” is which of the following?

An independent variable

An outcome variable

A dependent variable

Not a variable

Question 26

Research design in qualitative studies is often described as:

Interpretive

Emergent

Experimental

Narrative

Question 27

Putting evidence into practice is in which phase of the quantitative research process?

Empirical

Dissemination

Analytic

Conceptual

Question 28

In qualitative research, theory is which of the following?

A way to test relationships between two different groups

A method to test hypotheses

A product of the research

A tool to direct the research project

Question 29

The independent variable in the research question, “What is the effect of noise levels on postoperative pain and blood pressure fluctuations in ICU patients?” is which of the following?

Postoperative pain

Noise levels

ICU patients

Blood pressure

Question 30

Which of the following terms is used by both qualitative and quantitative researchers to refer to the abstractions under study?

Concept

Phenomenon

Theory

Variable

Question 31

In both qualitative and quantitative studies, researchers use debriefing to do which of the following?

Allow participants to ask questions and give feedback to the researcher

Explain to the participant what information they can tell others

Describe the purpose of the study and the consent form

Allow the researcher to assess the participant before they leave the study site

Question 32

Confidentiality of study participants can be most effectively protected by which of the following?

Performing a risk/benefit assessment

Obtaining informed consent from participants before the study

Placing all identifying information on computer files rather than manual files

Avoiding the collection of any identifying information

Question 33

Vulnerable study participants would include which of the following?

Pediatric patients

Women hospitalized for a mastectomy

Members of a senior citizens group

People who do not speak English

Question 34

The nurse researcher protects study participants by which of the following?

Proposing a study that ultimately benefits society despite the risk to the participants.

Keeping painful procedure information from the study participant until the study is completed.

Performing a risk/benefit assessment to evaluate the cost compared with the benefit of participation.

Preventing psychological discomfort during and after the study.

Question 35

The safeguard mechanism by which even the researcher cannot link the participant with the information provided is called which of the following?

Informed consent

Confidentiality

Right to privacy

Anonymity

Question 36

The regulations affecting the ethical conduct of research sponsored by the U.S. federal government were based on which of the following?

Nuremberg Code

Belmont Report

Code of Ethics of the American Nurses Association

Declaration of Helsinki

Question 37

Offering prisoners a $50.00 payment for participation in a clinical trial for toothpaste violates which of the following?

The right to self-determination

The right to protection from exploitation

The right to full disclosure

The right to privacy

Question 38

Which of the following best describes an assent form?

The assent form is read by the researcher for those who do not speak or read English.

The assent form allows the child over 7 years of age to give informed consent to participate in a study.

The assent form protects study participants from discrimination due to cultural diversity.

The assent form allows a child to agree to be part of a research study.

Question 39

In what situation is informed consent not needed?

The risk/benefit ratio is low

A Certificate of Confidentiality has been obtained

Informed consent is always needed

The researcher pays the participants a stipend

Question 40

If a researcher unobtrusively studies interactions among patients in a psychiatric hospital, what might this be called?

Research misconduct

Deception

Breach of confidentiality

Covert data collection

NRP472 NURSING RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE

Module 2 Quiz

Question 1

Which of the following is the dependent variable (DV) in the research question, “Are serial 12-lead ECGs more accurate in diagnosing acute myocardial infarctions (MI) than a single initial 12-lead ECG?”

Accuracy in diagnosing an MI

Serial 12-lead ECGs

Single initial 12-lead ECG

Myocardial infarction

Question 2

In a research report, the statement of purpose is normally found where?

At the end of the introduction

At the beginning of the method section

In the first paragraph of the report

In the abstract

Question 3

A research hypothesis indicates the expected relationship between which of the following?

The independent variable and the dependent variable

The functional and causal nature of the variables

The statement of purpose and the research questions

Statistical testing and the null hypothesis

Question 4

The research question, “What is the decision-making process among intensive care unit nurses who decide to discuss spiritual issues with patients?” is which of the following?

Most likely to be addressed using a qualitative approach

Most likely to be addressed using a quantitative approach

Not researchable

Not appropriately worded

Question 5

Which of the following statements of purpose is least likely to demonstrate a bias on the part of the researcher?

Prove

Demonstrate

Show

Compare

Question 6

The hypothesis, “Women who jog regularly are more likely than those who do not to have amenorrhea” is which of the following?

Not testable

Null

Nondirectional

Directional

Question 7

Select the best description for the following: “Children who watch an average of 2 or more hours of television per day will have higher BMIs than children who watch less than 2 hours of TV per day.”

It is a directional hypothesis

It is a non-directional hypothesis

It is a non-directional research question

It is a directional research question

Question 8

If the problem statement from a proposed research study indicates the need to generate a theory relating to social processes (e.g., how persons within a social group interact with one another), the study design will most likely be which of the following?

Grounded theory

Quantitative study

Phenomenology

Ethnography

Question 9

The hypothesis, “A person’s emotional status is not affected by a relocation to a nursing home” is which of the following?

Not testable

Nondirectional

Null

Directional

Question 10

Which of the following statements of purpose is most likely to be from a qualitative study?

Explore lived experiences of refugee women and children from Afghanistan living in the United States

Investigate the effectiveness of music therapy for decreasing pain in post-operative adolescents

Compare the effectiveness of effleurage to therapeutic touch in decreasing maternal anxiety during an un-medicated vaginal birth

Evaluate the relationship between insurance status and number of emergency department (ED) visits

Question 11

In the following CINAHL citation, to what does the “6” refer?

Nursing Research 2012 Nov/Dec; 61(6): 405-411.

Journal volume

Month of issue

Journal issue in a given year

A page number

Name of the journal (Nursing Research 2012)

Year and month of publication (2012 Nov/Dec)

Volume (61)

Issue (6)

Page numbers (405-411)

Question 12

Which of the following is an appropriately worded sentence for a research review?

Nurses and physicians struggle with the decision about whether to work in environments where abortion services are offered.

Five recent studies have proved that men are less well able to cope with the loss of a spouse than women.

Research has consistently found that infant’s sleeping position is related to the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

The HIV-epidemic has been the cause of considerable anxiety in the gay community.

Question 13

When doing a computerized search for quantitative studies on a topic, which of the following statements is most accurate?

The primary keyword to use in the search typically would be the population

The specific subject headings used in each bibliographic database would have to be learned

The keywords to start the search typically would be the independent and dependent variables

The best place to begin is to use a search engine such as Yahoo or Google

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true?

The CINAHL database includes only journals

Subject headings in CINAHL include substantive and methodologic topics

The CINAHL database includes about 15 million records

The CINAHL database uses the controlled vocabulary called MeSH to index entries

Question 15

Which statement accurately reflects a characteristic of a well-written literature review?

Only a few key reports by the same author should be included if that author has published extensively on the topic under study.

The review should clearly identify points that have been proven by previous research.

The review should primarily contain reports supportive of your general hypothesis about the problem under study.

The review should include reports that both support and contradict your own ideas.

Question 16

In an electronic literature search, the searcher does not necessarily have to know the database’s subject headings for retrieving information on a topic because of the capability known as which of the following?

Copying

Mapping

Searching

Restricting focus

Question 17

You have identified 66 potential references through electronic database searches for your review of literature. Which action in the screening process would be the most appropriate next step in identifying the most useful articles?

Comparing databases for duplicate-referenced reports

Reading each article in detail

Reviewing the abstracts

Evaluating the heading terms

Question 18

What is the primary question that should be addressed when evaluating published research reports in a literature review?

To what extent do the findings reflect the truth (the true state of affairs)?

Have the authors conducted an adequate literature review in their research report?

Did the authors cite appropriately from the previously published literature related to the problem under study?

Was the research question appropriate considering the available evidence at the time of the study?

Question 19

What term is used to describe accounts of research in the literature prepared by someone other than the researchers who conducted the study?

Primary sources

Literature reviews

Secondary sources

Ghost writer studies

Question 20

What term is given to unique symbols that expand search results and allow for a simultaneous search of numerous words of the same root within an electronic database?

Expanders

Textword search

Wildcard characters

Keywords

Question 21

The nurse-theorist Mishel developed which of the following?

Health Promotion Model

Transtheoretical Model

Uncertainty in Illness Theory

Adaptation Model

Question 22

The power of theories lies in their ability to do which of the following?

Explain large segments of human experience

Minimize the number of words required to explain phenomena and, thereby, eliminate semantic problems

Articulate the nature of relationships among phenomena

Prove conclusively that relationships exist among the phenomena studied

Question 23

Stages of change is a construct that was developed within which of the following?

Health as Expanding Consciousness Model

The Theory of Planned Behavior

The Transtheoretical Model

The Health Belief Model

Question 24

The building blocks of theory are which of the following?

Concepts

Relationships

Hypotheses

Frameworks

Question 25

Visual representation of the relationships among phenomena used in both quantitative and qualitative research is known as which of the following?

Framework

Conceptual map

Shared theory

Descriptive theory

Question 26

Lazarus and Folkman’s Theory of Stress and Coping has been used in nursing research to correlate the relationship between stress and anxiety in primary caregivers of patients with dementia. This is an example of which of the following?

Grounded theory

Framework

Shared theory

Conceptual model

Question 27

Which of the following is a non-nursing conceptual model frequently used in nursing research and can be considered a shared theory?

Pender’s Health Promotion Model

Beck’s Theory of Postpartum Depression

Mishel’s Uncertainty in Illness Theory

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Question 28

The belief that a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder will learn appropriate behaviors from continued positive reinforcement of acceptable behavior patterns can generate a research hypothesis. This generalization of the relationship between phenomena is known as which of the following?

Null Hypothesis

Theory

Model

Framework

Question 29

Theories are created and invented as opposed to being discovered. Theories are built inductively from which of the following?

Research questions

Research problems

Observations

Correlations

Question 30

Identify the type of research that often fails to formally acknowledge the conceptual underpinnings or framework of the study since it is not necessarily part of the research tradition.

Quantitative research

Mixed method research

Qualitative research

Pilot study

NRP472 NURSING RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE

Module 3 Quiz

Question 1

A nurse researcher studied women’s experience during the transition to menopause. Data were collected by interviewing 20 women in their 50s. The participants were also asked to maintain a daily diary for a month. Which form of triangulation was used in this study?

Data triangulation

Theory triangulation

Method triangulation

Investigator triangulation

Question 2

The maintenance of good, thorough documentation and a decision trail is especially critical during:

Member checks.

Negative case analyses.

Inquiry audits.

Thick description.

Question 3

A researcher randomized nursing home residents to a fall prevention intervention or to “usual care.” After outcome data are collected, control group members were offered the chance to receive the intervention. This control group strategy is called:

a “usual care” control group.

a wait-listed control group.

an alternative treatment control group.

an attention control group.

Question 4

The “Results” section of a quantitative research article summarizes results of the:

Statistical analyses.

Interpretation of study findings.

Measurement plan.

Study conclusions.

Question 5

A nurse researcher studied lapses in medication compliance among schizophrenic patients living in the community. In his journal article, the researcher reported that he had worked in psychiatric nursing for 15 years and had a nephew who was schizophrenic. Which quality-enhancing strategy is the researcher using?

Search for disconfirming evidence

Inquiry audit

Thick description

Researcher credibility

Question 6

A nurse researcher is studying how members of an immigrant community manage chronic health problems. The researcher spends 15 months in the field conducting interviews and making observations in the community. Which quality-enhancement strategy is described in this study?

Member checking

Reflexivity

Prolonged engagement

Audit trail maintenance

Question 7

Nurse researchers randomly assigned 50 participants to a 3-month smoking cessation intervention and 50 to be in the control group. At the end of the study, there were 40 in the intervention group and 32 in the control group. Which threat to internal validity would be especially salient in this study?

Maturation

Selection

Temporal ambiguity

Mortality

Question 8

Confidence intervals (CIs) address a key question relating to the appraisal of evidence for EBP. Which question do CIs address?

What is the cost of applying the evidence?

How precise is the estimate?

What is the magnitude of effects?

What is the quality of the evidence?

Question 9

In a study on patient’s fear of falling, a nurse researcher administered a questionnaire and asked about the participants’ educational attainment (1 = high school, 2 = some college, 3 = college degree, 4 = graduate degree). What is the level of measurement of the variable educational attainment?

Ratio

Ordinal

Nominal

Interval

Question 10

A researcher reported the age of onset of Alzheimer’s disease in a sample of residents in a memory care facility. What index of central tendency is likely to best communicate the information?

The average

The mean

The median

The mode

Question 11

Compared to true experiments, quasi-experiments are more susceptible to:

rival hypotheses about causality.

recruitment difficulties.

feasibility problems.

ethical transgressions.

Question 12

A nurse researcher tested the effectiveness of a foot massage on geriatric patients’ pain levels. One study participant, Mr. Smerud, had a pain score of 80 (on a scale from 0 to 100) before the massage and a pain score of 65 at follow up. What would a score of 15 for Mr. Smerud be called?

His score at the next follow-up

His change score

His baseline score

His targeted score

Question 13

Which is a parameter?

The percentage male and female in a sample of 5,000 patients

The average birth weight of a sample of 2,000 infants

The average age of an accessible population of 2,000 nursing home residents

The grade point average of nursing students responding to an Internet survey.

Question 14

Which question would researchers most likely ask peers to address in a peer debriefing?

Are there possible errors of interpreting the data?

Is the description sufficiently thick?

Are there coding errors?

Were interviews accurately transcribed?

Question 15

There are three well-known criteria for establishing a causal relationship, attributed to John Stuart Mill. Which is one of those criteria?

The relationship between the cause and the effect cannot be explained as being caused by a third factor.

A counterfactual must be known and controlled for in the research design.

The relationship between the cause and the effect must be deterministic.

A cause and effect must occur simultaneously.

Question 16

Which title for a journal article might be misleading?

Factors Associated with Medication Adherence in Children

The Association between Spiritual Well-being and Quality of Life in the Elderly

The Impact of Parenting Style on Adolescents’ Sexual Risk-Taking Behavior

The Relationship between Infant Birthweight and Subsequent Behavior Problems

Question 17

The quality criterion of credibility in the Lincoln and Guba’s framework for qualitative research refers to:

Confidence in the truth value of the data.

The reliability of data over time.

Applicability of the data to other groups.

Objectivity of the interpretation of the data.

Question 18

A nurse researcher tested whether sucrose (vs. sterile water) had a beneficial effect on infant pain during immunizations. Neither those administering the intervention nor the parents of the infants knew which infants received the sucrose. This strategy is an example of:

crossing over.

blinding.

randomization.

attrition.

Question 19

To test the effect of a Hatha yoga intervention on blood pressure, 100 pre-hypertensive adolescents were randomly assigned to either Hatha yoga classes or to an art class. This control group strategy is called:

an attention control group.

a “usual care” control group.

an alternative treatment control group.

a wait-listed control group.

Question 20

Which barrier do qualitative researchers face in demonstrating the trustworthiness of their studies to readers?

Page limitations imposed by journals

Absence of disconfirming evidence

Reviewers’ focus on study findings rather than methods

Readers’ lack of skills in understanding trustworthiness

NRP472 NURSING RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE

Module 4 Quiz

Question 1

One weakness associated with cause-probing correlational research is which of the following?

Problem of self-selection into groups

Difficulty in linking the research to a theoretical framework

Inability to generalize the findings beyond the sample

Artificiality of the settings in which it occurs

Question 2

Which of the following is the most effective method for controlling participant factors?

Using a homogeneous sample

Statistical control

Matching subjects

Randomization

Question 3

The nurse wishes to study the opinions of high school students concerning the availability of health care services at XYZ High School during the past school year. What research design best fits with the study objective?

Trend study

Cross-sectional study

Follow-up study

Longitudinal study

Question 4

The nurse plans a study comparing the occurrence of anxiety disorders in military personnel deployed overseas with those who served strictly within the borders of the United States. What research design should be selected for this study?

Nonexperimental

Experimental

Cohort

Quasi-Experimental

Question 5

Which of the following can reduce the statistical conclusion validity of a study?

Low attrition

Low maturation

Low power

Low generalizability

Question 6

To study the effects of Healing Touch; what is the best choice to minimize confounding variables?

Offer another activity that gives similar time and attention to control group participants.

Offer to enroll only individuals who do not have any medical conditions.

Offer all participants a Healing Touch session when data collection is completed.

Offer a small payment for participants’ time.

Question 7

An important function of a rigorous research design in a quantitative study is to have control over which of the following?

Mediating variables

Confounding variables

Carryover variables

Outcome variables

Question 8

When addressing control of confounding variables, which of the following best describes the question to be answered by the researcher?

When will the data on the variables be collected?

Where will data collection occur?

What other variables may influence the results?

Who needs to know sensitive information about the research details?

Question 9

What study design flaw may lead to a failure to achieve statistical significance?

Cross-sectional data collection

Small sample size

Adequate exposure to the intervention

Variables precisely defined

Question 10

Studies that collect data at one point in time are called which of the following?

Time series

Cross-sectional studies

Crossover studies

Longitudinal studies

Question 11

A researcher used a systematic sampling plan. The sample size was 200. The sampling interval was 250. The first element drawn was 196. The second element would be:

646

396

45

446

Question 12

A self-report method used to measure subjective experiences such as pain and fatigue is which of the following?

In vivo measurements

Observation

Likert scales

Visual analog scales

Question 13

On a 20-item Likert scale with five response categories, the range of possible scores is which of the following?

20 to 80

0 to 100

20 to 100

0 to 50

Question 14

On a five-point Likert scale, a person who strongly agreed with a statement would be scored as which of the following?

Cannot be determined

5

3

1

Question 15

Which of the following is a probability sampling method?

Convenience sampling

Consecutive sampling

Systematic sampling

Quota sampling

Question 16

Which of the following are advantages to biophysiologic measures?

Biophysiologic measurements are self-reported.

Patients cannot distort the measurements and have objective measures.

Biophysiologic measurements are subjective and accurate.

Biophysiologic measurements effectively indicate pain levels.

Question 17

Questionnaires have the advantage of which of the following?

Offering the possibility of anonymity

Having high response rates

Being suitable for all types of study participants

Reducing the possibility of response set biases

Question 18

A major advantage of closed-ended questions is that they do which of the following?

Are easy to construct

Are not subject to response biases

Are analyzed in a straightforward manner

Encourage in-depth responses

Question 19

A survey question asks subjects to respond to the following statement: “The overall hospital experience that I received during my hospital stay considered my needs as an individual.” They were asked to identify, on a five-point scale, the degree to which they agreed or disagreed with the statement. This is an example of which scale?

Visual analog scale

Social scale

Differential scale

Likert scale

Question 20

Which statement regarding sampling error and sampling bias is accurate?

Sampling bias may be defined as the difference between data obtained from a simple random sample and the data that would be obtained if an entire population were measured.

Sampling bias occurs by chance.

Sampling error may be contained in sample data even when the most careful random sampling procedure has been used to obtain the sample.

Sampling error and sampling bias are synonymous.

Question 21

When considering the evidence that men in nursing had an important role in the evolution of nursing as a profession, what qualitative research design is appropriate to study this phenomenon of interest?

Phenomenology

Grounded theory

Historical

Ethnography

Question 22

Participant observation is a data collection strategy used in almost all of which of the following?

Case studies

Descriptive qualitative studies

Phenomenological studies

Ethnographic studies

Question 23

Which of the following is characteristic of qualitative research?

It depends on the robust nature of statistical analysis.

It is capable of adjusting to what is being learned during data collection.

It involves survey research design.

It does not have to obtain Institutional Review Board approval before conducting the study.

Question 24

Grounded theory tries to account for people’s actions from the perspective of those involved. It seeks to discover this main concern or problem and the behavior that is designed to resolve it. The manner in which people resolve this main concern is known as which of the following?

The core variable

Constant comparison

A single entity

Participatory action research

Question 25

Hermeneutics is closely allied with which research tradition?

Grounded theory

Ethnography

Phenomenology

Symbolic Interaction

Question 26

An ethnographic study of a clinic that specialized in abortion services by someone from outside that culture would most likely be an example of which of the following?

A macroethnography

A microethnography

An auto-ethnography

A critical ethnography

Question 27

The term emergent design in qualitative inquiry refers to a research design that emerges at which of the following times?

Before the study is begun

During the conduct of a literature review

While the researcher is in the field collecting data

While the researcher develops a conceptual framework

Question 28

Which of the following approaches involves the use of a procedure known as constant comparison?

Historical

Phenomenology

Ethnography

Grounded theory

Question 29

Ethnographers strive to do which of the following?

Develop an etic perspective

Link the etic and emic perspectives into a unified whole

Understand human cultures

Understand the essence of a phenomenon

Question 30

The question, “What are the basic social processes women use to maintain balance through their menopausal transition?” is an example of a research question within which of the following traditions?

Phenomenology

Ethnography

Grounded theory

Qualitative description

Question 31

Which of the following statements about sampling in qualitative research is true?

Convenience sampling is considered the most appropriate method of selecting sample members.

The type of sampling approach can change and evolve over the course of data collection.

Larger samples are considered more rigorous than smaller samples.

Using randomness in the sampling process is desirable.

Question 32

Samples of ten or fewer study participants would be most likely to be found in which of the following?

Phenomenological study

Grounded theory study

Ethnography

Participatory action study

Question 33

Which of the following data collection approaches is conducted with a group of 5 to 10 people simultaneously?

Focus group interview

Photo elicitation interview

Focused interview

Critical incidents interview

Question 34

Which of the following statements about sampling is true?

Convenience sampling is used by both qualitative and quantitative researchers.

Quantitative researchers establish eligibility criteria, but qualitative researchers do not.

Focus groups would not be used in qualitative descriptive studies.

Extreme case sampling is a type of theoretical sampling.

Question 35

Near the end of data collection, qualitative researchers may employ the technique of sampling which of the following?

Typical cases

Criterion cases

Disconfirming cases

Deviant cases

Question 36

When developing a theory, a nurse researcher uses theoretical sampling to do which of the following?

To gain new informants via referrals from other informants

To find cases that meet a predetermined criterion of importance

To choose sampling groups that will further the emerging conceptualization

To learn from the most unusual and extreme informants

Question 37

Theoretical sampling is most likely to be used by which of the following?

Phenomenologists

Ethnographers

Grounded theory researchers

Qualitative descriptive researchers

Question 38

A critical concern for qualitative researchers in their sampling decisions is which of the following?

Obtaining a sample that is representative of the population under study

Obtaining a sample with high potential for generalizability

Accessing information-rich sources of data

Recruiting a sample that can facilitate saturation quickly and efficiently

Question 39

Which of the following is true regarding qualitative and quantitative research?

Quantitative research and qualitative research both prefer a large sample to a small one, because it produces stronger statistical results.

Quantitative research and qualitative research both use random samples whenever possible, to enhance the ability to predict within a wider population.

Quantitative research and qualitative research both determine sample size in the same manner.

Quantitative research and qualitative research both develop eligibility criteria before consenting study participants.

Question 40

When collecting data through interviews, qualitative researchers rely primarily on which of the following?

A priori ideas

Supplemental physiological data

Structured questions

Self-report

NRP472 NURSING RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE

Module 5 Quiz

Question 1

A researcher at a school of nursing decides to investigate the correlation between a pre- admission HESI examination, high school GPA, and SAT scores as a predictor of success in completing first year study. These admission variables will be reviewed again with grades achieved after the first year is completed. This use of data is known as which of the following?

Known-groups technique

Concurrent validity

Predictive validity

Construct validation

Question 2

Which aspect of reliability does the “Cronbach’s alpha” indicate?

Internal consistency of the measure items within one measure

Equivalence of two separate forms of a measure

The extent of expert agreement ensuring adequate content coverage

Measurement stability performance over time

Question 3

A nurse researcher is evaluating a revised self-esteem questionnaire to determine whether all of the items on the questionnaire actually effectively measure self-esteem. Which aspect of reliability is she evaluating?

Stability

Internal consistency

Equivalence

Validity

Question 4

If the coefficient alpha for a stress scale was computed to be .80, the scale would be which of the following?

Of unacceptably low reliability

More reliable than a scale with an alpha of .50

Of indeterminate reliability until the scale’s test–retest reliability was assessed

A valid indicator of stress

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of an ordinal measurement?

Score on the HESI preadmission or first year examination for nursing

Levels of education (associate’s degree, bachelor’s degree, master’s degree)

Gender (male or female)

Milligrams of a medication dosage

Question 6

One source of measurement error in social-psychological scales is which of the following?

Nonresponse bias

Attrition bias

Response-set bias

Selection bias

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a nominal measurement?

Hand dominance (right or left )

Age in years

Grams of carbohydrate intake

Emotional intelligence quotients

Question 8

The type of validity that employs primarily judgment in its assessment is which of the following?

Content

Concurrent

Predictive

Construct

Question 9

The aspect of reliability for which interobserver reliability is appropriate is which of the following?

Specificity

Equivalence

Stability

Internal consistency

Question 10

The level of measurement that classifies and ranks people in terms of the degree to which they possess the attribute of interest is which of the following?

Ratio

Interval

Ordinal

Nominal

Question 11

The mode is an index of which of the following?

Variability

Central tendency

Bivariate relationships

Risk

Question 12

Which correlation coefficient shows the strongest relationship between two variables?

–0.653

0

–0.821

0.759

Question 13

The d statistic approximates effect size by measuring the difference between the experimental group mean and the control group mean, normed to the standard deviation. If the effect size is moderate, which of the following values of d would one expect to calculate?

d = 0

d = .80

d = .50

d = .20

Question 14

A researcher wanted to compare male and female oncology patients in terms of satisfaction with nursing care, controlling for age and severity of illness. The analysis would involve which of the following?

MANCOVA

Multiple regression

Logistic regression

ANCOVA

Question 15

In the following statement, what would the number 60 be called: 95% CI for the mean of 60 = 50 to 70?

The point estimate

The probability value

The lower confidence limit

The effect size

Question 16

A parameter is a characteristic of which of the following?

Population

Sample

Normal curve

Frequency distribution

Question 17

To test the significance of differences between the means of two or more groups on two or more outcome variables simultaneously, without controlling for covariates, one would use which of the following?

Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)

Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA)

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)

Question 18

The measure of variability that takes into account all score values is which of the following?

Mean

Standard deviation

Median

Range

Question 19

A researcher wanted to predict whether nursing home residents would or would not experience a fall based on 10 characteristics (e.g., age, presence of absence of dementia, etc.). The analysis would involve which of the following?

MANOVA

Logistic regression

ANCOVA

Multiple regression

Question 20

To test mean differences among related groups over time with at least three different points of data collection, you would use which of the following?

Paired t-test

Repeated measures ANOVA

Chi-squared test

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Question 21

Validation of themes by conferring with study participants was specifically considered inappropriate by whom?

Glaser

Giorgi

Strauss

Colaizzi

Question 22

Level III codes, in the Glaser and Strauss approach to grounded theory, are which of the following?

Theoretical constructs

In vivo codes

Open codes

Axial codes

Question 23

What is the primary outcome of Strauss and Corbin’s (2008) approach to grounded theory?

A core category

A full conceptual description

A central category

A theory of how a social problem is processed

Question 24

The Duquesne School of Phenomenology is based on the philosophy of which of the following?

Colaizzi

Van Kaam

Giorgi

Husserl

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true?

Content analysis is the analytic method used in phenomenologic studies.

CAQDAS is available for coding, organizing, and retrieving qualitative data.

Narrative materials tend to be linear, which simplifies the coding process.

Qualitative researchers typically develop a category scheme before they collect their data.

Question 26

Phenomenology most fundamentally involves a search for which of the following?

Common patterns shared by particular instances

A core category from open coding

Thematic descriptions from artistic sources

Intersubjective agreement among judges

Question 27

Selective coding in Glaserian approach to grounded theory studies begins when which of the following occurs?

Constant comparison has ended

Data saturation has occurred

Memos have been prepared

A core category has been identified

Open coding ends when the core category is discovered, and then selective coding begins, not when data saturation has occurred or when memos have been prepared. Grounded theory uses the constant comparative method of data analysis, a method that involves comparing elements present in one data source (e.g., in one interview) with those in another.

Question 28

The first major step that a researcher must undertake in a qualitative analysis is which of the following?

A search for appropriate metaphors

The use of quasi-statistics

Developing a system for organizing and indexing the data

A search for major themes

Question 29

In the Strauss and Corbin approach to grounded theory, the initial process of breaking down, categorizing, and coding the data is often referred to as which of the following?

Open coding

Selective coding

Core coding

Axial coding

Question 30

Before the advent of computer software for qualitative analysis, the main procedure for managing qualitative data was the development of which of the following?

Core categories

Themes

Memos

Conceptual files

NRP472 NURSING RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE

Module 6 Quiz

Question 1

Which is a major source of ideas for research problems?

Journal clubs

Nursing code of ethics

Nurses’ personal clinical experience

Evidence hierarchies

Question 2

“For the thousands of patients on chemotherapy, nausea and vomiting are common side effects. To date, interventions have been only moderately successful in reducing these effects. New interventions that can reduce or prevent these side effects need to be identified to improve the quality of life of these patients.” Which does this best represent?

A hypothesis

You Answered

A research question

A statement of purpose

A problem statement

Question 3

“This study aimed to understand the experience of living with a colostomy among patients who had surgery for colon cancer” is a:

research question.

portion of a problem statement.

statement of purpose.

hypothesis.

Question 4

In a statement of purpose, the researcher often communicates information beyond the substantive content of a study through:

the scope of the problem.

operational definitions of the research variables.

predicted relationships among variables.

the choice of verbs about what will be done in the study.

Question 5

A researcher’s statement of purpose indicates that the goal of the study is to understand the lived experiences of family members caring for a terminally ill child with cancer. What type of study is this?

Ethnographic

Grounded theory

Phenomenological

Experimental

Question 6

Which verb for a statement of purpose is least likely to suggest a bias on the part of the researcher?

Demonstrate

Compare

Prove

Show

Question 7

Which verb used in a statement of purpose is most likely to signify that the study is quantitative?

Explore

Discover

Understand

Evaluate

Question 8

Which is most likely to be a statement of purpose for a quantitative study?

The purpose was to explore the lived experiences of refugee women from Syria in need of health care.

The purpose was to assess the effectiveness of music for decreasing agitation in nursing home residents.

The purpose was to describe the experiences of people with untreated obstructive sleep apnea.

The purpose was to describe processes of families in managing the care of children with chronic illnesses at home.

Question 9

In the following research question, what would correspond to the C component in the PICO scheme? “What is the relationship between pregnant women’s smoking behavior and infant birth weight?”

Pregnancy status

Smoking

Not smoking

Infant birth weight

Question 10

“Women who jog regularly are more likely to have amenorrhea than those who do not jog regularly” is an example of which type of hypothesis?

Directional

Nondirectional

Null

Complex