11 Jun Ottawa BIO 3124 – EVD 3102 2016 ASSIGNMENT
Question
EVD 3102 2016 ASSIGNMENT 1 As we have discussed in class, every environmental regulatory decision involves an assessment of the truth of propositions (claims), propositions that are, almost invariably, a mixture of “is” and “ought”. As such, environmental scientists – whose expertise and privilege applies (as we have learned) only to questions of the “is” persuasion – have to be very careful indeed about the inevitable infiltration of values into scientific judgments (see, for example, http://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/how-?scientists-?affect-?public-?debates ). In 2013, a “scientific” controversy blew up over a draft report by the European Commission (EC) on its proposed regulatory policy concerning endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) (http://www.nature.com/news/journal-?editors-?trade-?blows-?
over-?toxicology-?1.13787 ). On one side were a group of scientists who accused the EC of developing a regulatory system for EDCs that is “based on virtually complete ignorance of all well-?established and taught principles of pharmacology and toxicology” (Dietrich et al. 2013). On the other side (Bergman et al., 2013; Gore et al. 2013) were those arguing that the proposed system was indeed “science-?based”. The debate centers on two notionally scientific propositions about which the two sides disagree: (1) That evidence of the toxicity of EDCs in animals (e.g. rats) is relevant to humans; and (2) The existence of thresholds for adverse effects of EDCs (in toxicology, a “threshold” is a level of exposure below which there is no adverse effect) In 500 well-?chosen words, each one pregnant with meaning, for each of the two propositions above, identify the implicit value (not fact) elements that have contributed (perhaps substantially?) to the disagreement, and suggest how these might be resolved. References Dietrich DR, von Aulock S, Marquardt H, Blaauboer B, Dekant W, Kehrer J, et al. 2013. Scientifically unfounded precaution drives European Commission’s recommendations on EDC regulation, while defying common sense, well-?established science and risk assessment principles [Editorial]. Food Chem Toxicol 62:A1–A4. Bergman Å, Andersson AM, Becher G, van den Berg M, Blumberg B, Bjerregaard P, et al. 2013. Science and policy on endocrine disrupters must not be mixed: a reply to a “common sense” intervention by toxicology journal editors [Editorial]. Environ Health 12:69; doi: 10.1186/1476-?069X-?12-?69. Gore AC, Balthazart J, Bikle D, Carpenter DO, Crews D, Czernichow P, et al. 2013. Policy decisions on endorine disruptors should be based on science across disciplines: a response to Dietrich et al. [Editorial]. Endocrinology 154:3957–3960. Instructions • Your answer should be no more than 500 well-?chosen words, and should be submitted via Blackboard by January 25th, 23:59. Late or missed assignments will receive a grade of zero, unless you have discussed the issue with me before-?hand. DO NOT wait until the last minute to submit, as network and communication glitches often (apparently) occur. • Submit your answer in the assignment textbox in Blackboard and as an attached file in native (e.g. Word) format. • Make sure you are familiar with, and understand, the university’s policy on academic fraud. As you are probably aware, there are various tools available to instructors for checking for plagiarism -? forewarned is forearmed. Notes This controversy has generated considerable debate in the scientific and popular literature, and it may be worthwhile spending some time reading this literature.
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