PCR could be used to amplify DNA from which

11 Jun PCR could be used to amplify DNA from which

Question
1.

PCR could be used to amplify DNA from which of the following?

A) a virus

B) a fossil

C) a fossil, a human cell, or a virus

D) a human cell

2.

DNA microarrays are used for many purposes. Which of the following is NOT one of these purposes?

A) gene expression

B) fossil dating

C) SNP detection

D) organism identification

3.

Which of the following snacks is made using a procedure or ingredient that does NOT include use of a GMO?

A) cheese puff fried in canola oil

B) corn chips

C) potato chips cooked in peanut oil

D) soynuts (made from soybeans)

4.

The other species whose DNA was sequenced in the Human Genome Project were species that…

A) are closely related to humans.

B) have small, easy to sequence genomes.

C) are used heavily in experimental research.

D) were randomly chosen from several hundred candidate species.

5.

Which of the following is the oldest in the hominin lineage?

A) Homo erectus

B) Australopithecines

C) Neanderthals

D) Paranthropus

6.

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of the things that we have learned as a result of the Human Genome Project?

A) Genes are distributed equally on chromosomes.

B) Different mutations in a single gene can give rise to different genetic disorders.

C) The human genome contains far fewer genes than was originally anticipated.

D) The human genome contains several million locations where single nucleotide differences occur in humans.

7.

Which of the following would be considered a transgenic organism?

A) Pet fish that glow because they express a gene from jellyfish.

B) A “superbug” bacterium that has evolved to be resistant to antibiotics.

C) A hybrid corn made by planting two different varieties next to each other.

D) The offspring of specially selected males and females of a group of sheep.

8.

A __________________ describes the distribution of a specific allele as a gradient across continents.

A) race

B) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

C) genotype

D) cline

9.

The term “cloned library” describes a collection that contains all the DNA fragments of:

A) the entire genome of a species

B) a specific chromosome of a species

C) all the genes expressed in a certain cell type

D) any of these above

10.

What is so special about stem cells and why they hold such promise for curing diseases?

A) They are relatively inexpensive and easy to make and use.

B) They can be used to study many diseases.

C) Stem cells can be transferred between species.

D) Pluripotent stem cells can develop into nearly any type of cell.

11.

Which of the following terms is NOT correctly defined?

A) Bioinformatics is the use of computers and software to acquire, store, analyze, and visualize genomic information and share that info on the World Wide Web (the internet).

B) Structural genomics analyzes genes and proteins to identify targets for therapeutic drugs.

C) Comparative genomics compares genomes of different species for clues to the evolutionary history of genes or a species.

D) Structural genomics derives three-dimensional structures for proteins.

12.

Which of the following is NOT a required component when cloning DNA using bacteria and creating a plasmid to amplify the DNA?

A) host cell

B) restriction enzyme(s)

C) vector

D) DNA polymerase

13.

Which of the following is an example of a single-gene disorder that influences human behavior. (A single-gene disorder is where the phenotype is observed when only one gene is mutated.)

A) Schizophrenia

B) Bipolar disorder

C) Alzheimer’s disease

D) Huntington’s disease

14.

Humans and chimps share nearly all their DNA, yet look so different. What is believed to be the best explanation for these major phenotypic differences?

A) The chimp genome has many more mutations than the number found in the human genome.

B) The original data is flawed, in reality chimps and humans do not share many common DNA sequences.

C) The important differences may involve gene regulation and genes that control body structure.

D) Phenotypic differences cannot be explained by differences in coding sequences of DNA.

15.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the fact that genes from one species can be put into the DNA of another species and be successful translated into protein?

A) All organisms have the same proteins.

B) All organisms are made of cells.

C) Bacteria are not living organisms so we can use them like machines to create proteins.

D) The genetic code is universal

16.

Which of the following techniques is NOT matched with the correct purpose?

A) Microarray: analyze thousands of genes in a single experiment

B) PCR: the production of many copies of a DNA segment

C) Nuclear transfer: the production of identical molecules

D) DNA sequencing: to determine the sequence of a DNA fragment

17.

Which of the following has NOT been utilized as a method of finding linked genes?

A) Lod scores

B) Cross-over frequencies

C) PCR

D) positional cloning

18.

Humans produce significantly more proteins than we have different genes. This large number of proteins results from…

A) frequent crossing-over that scrambles the nucleotide sequence of genes.

B) cutting and splicing of pre-mRNA in several different ways.

C) unknown reasons that scientists have not yet discovered.

D) frequent mutations that change the nucleotide sequences of genes.

19.

What might be the outcome if you forgot to put ligase into your mix while attempting to put a target gene into a vector?

A) This mistake would not affect bacterial growth or the ability to get plasmid out of them.

B) You would get few bacterial colonies on the Petri plate.

C) You would be able to get a large amount of plasmid from host cells.

D) You would get many bacterial colonies on the Petri plate.

20.

___________________ genes are located on the same chromosome and are inherited together. The distance between them can be found by measuring how frequently they__________________.

A) Linked ; mutate

B) Unlinked ; mutate

C) Unlinked ; cross-over

D) Linked ; cross-over

21.

What type of animal is being utilized by Penn State physicists to gain insight into how the human brain functions, which may lead to a better understanding of complex vocal behavior and human speech production?

A) birds

B) cats

C) insects

D) fence lizards

22.

DNA fingerprinting is a commonly used technology in criminal trials. The procedure involves looking at 13 different regions of the human genome to calculate the probability that genetic variants occur in 2 persons by chance. DNA fingerprints do not involve analyzing a person’s genes – instead regions of the genome known as ___________________ are analyzed.

A) single nucleotide polymorphisms

B) palindromes

C) short tandem repeats

D) mitochondrial DNA regions

23.

The ELSI (Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications) program of the Human Genome Project is investigating all of the following areas of concern except:

A) the use of genetic information in reproductive decisions

B) genetic targets for biological warfare agents

C) fairness in use of information gained from genetic testing

D) protection of personal genetic information

24.

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) involves the

A) genetic analysis of a cell removed from a 3-5 day old embryo to screen for genetic disorders.

B) cloning of embryos for use in research.

C) transfer of a gene from one organism into another.

D) transfer of an unfertilized zygote into a woman’s oviduct.

25.

True or False. There is a clear genetic basis for dividing our species into races.

A) True

B) False

26.

Adult stem cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells by

A) fusing them with egg cells.

B) removing their nuclei and substituting an embryo cell nucleus.

C) transferring specific genes into their nuclei.

D) treating them with combinations of hormones and other chemicals.

27.

Available evidence suggests that Homo sapiens emigrated out of Africa about _______ years ago.

A) 50,000

B) 25,000

C) 15,000

D) 140,000

28.

Genetically modified foods are found most acceptable in which of these countries?

A) Africa

B) Germany

C) United States

D) Japan

29.

DNA sequence analysis and comparisons…

A) between species can be used as a clock to provide a relative measure of time since divergence of two species from a common ancestor.

B) among humans in GWAS (genome-wide association studies) can be used to link specific alleles (SNPs) with particular phenotypes.

C) between cells can determine whether a cell is cancerous or not.

D) can accomplish all of these listed above.

30.

True or False. Smoking or other use of tobacco can lower fertility.

A) True

B) False

31.

Recombinant plasmids are made for what purpose?

A) To show that ligase can glue ends of DNA together.

B) To express a piece of “target DNA” in a bacterial cell.

C) To sequence the piece of “target DNA.”

D) To make samples for PCR.

32.

Which of the following genetic techniques is NOT currently performed due to ethical concerns?

A) Germ-line gene therapy

B) Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)

C) Intractyoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

D) Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

33.

Restriction enzymes…

A) cut only single-strand DNA molecules.

B) cut DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequence sites.

C) always cut DNA in a manner to leave a bit of single-stranded DNA at the ends.

D) can cut randomly along a double-stranded DNA molecule.

34.

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Chimps and humans had a common ancestor just 2 million years ago.

B) Evolution is a linear morphing of one type of organism into another.

C) Genetics has shown that there are eight definable human races.

D) There is significantly more genetic variation within human populations than between them.

35.

Which of the following types of DNA are used to track ancient human migrations?

A) Genetic markers on the X-chromosome.

B) Genetic markers in mitochondrial DNA.

C) Both Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequences.

D) Genetic markers on the Y-chromosome.

36.

Prior to biotechnology production methods, insulin used to treat people with diabetes was derived from animals like pigs and cows. One problem with animal-derived insulin was that

A) some patients had a negative reaction to the animal version of the insulin.

B) animals don’t get diabetes so the procedure rarely worked.

C) animal insulin is more powerful than human insulin so it caused people to grow too big.

D) None of these was a problem – using animal-derived insulin is superior to insulin produced via biotechnology.

37.

About how much of the 3 billion nucleotides of DNA that humans possess are used to code for proteins?

A) 5%

B) 15%

C) 25%

D) 50%

38.

The term “Hominoid” refers to organisms that were…

A) known to use tools.

B) bipedal.

C) ancestral to humans only.

D) ancestral to humans and apes

39.

Cloning is best described as:

A) the production of identical copies of molecules, cells, or organisms

B) making large quantities of bacteria

C) the use of gene mapping

D) the production of genetically unrelated organisms in large quantities

40.

_____________________ is the method of animal cloning that involves the use of in vitro fertilization to produce embryos comprised of 4-8 cells. These embryonic cells are then divided and grown into clones.

A) Embryo splitting.

B) Nuclear transfer.

C) Nuclear injection.

D) None of the above – the technique described here is not used in animal cloning.