Print This Page Lab 10 Kingdom survey- Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

26 Jun Print This Page Lab 10 Kingdom survey- Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

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Lab 10
Kingdom survey- Eubacteria,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and
Animalia
Introduction: Connecting Your Learning
A previous lab discussed the basics of taxonomy and the kingdoms. This lab takes a closer look into five
kingdoms and identifies distinguishing characteristics of various organisms. The kingdoms studied in the
laboratory include Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Resources and Assignments
Multimedia
Resources

Kingdoms Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Required
Assignments

Lesson 13 Lab 10
Student Supplied
1 Celery stalk

Required Materials

Water (approximately 8-12 oz.)
Glass or cup (8 to 16 oz.)
Food dye (blue or red)
Knife

Focusing Your Learning
Lab Objectives
By the end of this lab, you should be able to:
1. Identify the shape and Gram stain reaction of bacteria.
2. Identify select protistan species according to their distinguishing structures and appearance.
3. Describe the structure of algae.
4. Identify select fungi species’ according to their distinguishing characteristics.
5. Distinguish between monocots and dicots with respect to the number of cotyledons, leaf venation,
and arrangement of vascular tissue.
6. Identify the parts of a twig.
7. Identify the parts of a flower.
8. Identify the type and venation of leaves.

Background Information
Bacteria are members of the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria and are prokaryotic organisms. They
are quite common in the environment, important in industry, and only a few species are pathogenic
(disease-causing).
The bacteria classified in the Archaebacteria kingdom are "ancient" bacteria and are found in extreme
environments. An example of archaebacteria includes the bacteria found in the geysers of Yellowstone.

Click on image to enlarge.

All other bacteria are included in the Eubacteria kingdom, and are considered the "true" bacteria.
Bacteria are very small, most only one um (micrometer) in diameter, and cannot be viewed by the naked

eye. To facilitate observation and aid in classification, most are observed when stained by a technique known
as the Gram stain. If they stain blue to violet, they are classified as Gram positive, and if they stain pink or
red, they are classified as Gram negative.
Gram Negative

Click on image to enlarge.

Gram Positive

Click on image to enlarge.

Bacteria occur in three shapes. Round bacteria are called coccus (cocci); oval or rod shaped bacteria are
called bacillus (bacilli); and bacteria that are coil shaped are called spirillum (spirillus). Examples of
spherical, rod, and spiral bacteria are seen in the image, below. They also occur in several formations such
as single, pairs (diplo), chains, and clusters.

Bacteria can be grown or cultured in liquid media or on a gel medium known as agar. Agar is an extract of
kelp (seaweed) that remains a colloid (that is, a pseudosolution) at 370C. Special nutrients or chemicals can
be added to the agar to facilitate growth, hinder growth, or to aid in identification. One such additive is blood
that contains the nutrients that many bacteria require for metabolism. When a single bacterium is placed on
a nutrient agar plate (petri dish), or slant (capped test tube), after several generations, a spot will appear.
This spot is known as a colony.
While some bacteria are pathogenic and cause diseases including pneumonia, foodborne illness, strep
throat, and urinary tract infections, there are many more beneficial bacteria than there are pathogenic
bacteria. A number of bacteria play an important role in recycling materials in the environment. Some
bacteria are decomposers: organisms that break down organic material and recycle it back into the
environment so that other organisms can use the material. Because of their ability to decompose matter,
bacteria play a vital role in sewage treatment, where they break down organic material and also in
bioremediation applications like treating water that has been contaminated with petroleum materials like oil
from oil spills. Finally, the human body contains many important bacteria that serve a variety of functions
including food decomposition and the production of vitamins including vitamin K.
Protists (Prototistans) which are included in the kingdom Protista, are single-celled eukaryotic organisms;
many found in aquatic environments. Most protozoans eat bacteria or other protozoans and some are
pathogenic to humans. For example, Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protist found in water contaminated with
animal feces that causes severe diarrhea and abdominal cramping in humans. Another example of a
flagellate is Euglena sp., which is a notable species because it can carry out photosynthesis and has an
eyespot near the base of its single flagellum.

Click on image to enlarge.

Another flagellated protist that produces disease in humans is Trypanosomoa brucei gambiense, which
causes sleeping sickness. Other protozoans that cause disease in humans include Entamoeba histolytica
(causative agent of amoebic dysentery), Plasmodium vivax (causative agent of malaria), and Trichomonas
vaginalis (causative agent of some urinary tract infections). Termites would be unable to consume cellulose
(found in plants) if it were not for the presence of several flagellates in their intestinal tracts. These
flagellates are quite varied in shape, but all possess numerous flagella.
Diatoms are also members of the kingdom Protista and possess an intricate skeleton that contains silica
(glass). When they die, their remaining skeletons serve as a natural filter (commonly used in swimming
pools) and are frequently used as a natural non-toxic pesticide – known as diatomaceous earth. The white
cliffs in Dover, England are due to diatomaceous earth. Diatoms are also very important in the aquatic food
chain.

Click on image to enlarge.

Algae are photosynthetic protists. Different groups possess various color pigments. The green algae may be
unicellular or multicellular. Chlamydomonas is a unicellular, motile colonial green algae. Volvox (seen in the
image, below) is a colony of hundreds of haploid algal cells. Spirogyra is multicellular green algae.

Click on image to enlarge.

Organisms classified under the kingdom Fungi are multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms that
lack chlorophyll. The main body of the organism consists of threadlike structures called hyphae that branch
in various directions, forming a network called a mycelium which serves as the feeding structure for the
fungus. The mycelium are usually located underground and can stretch far distances. The mycelium also
serves as the basis from which aerial spore-bearing structures form. Below is an image of the mycelium of a
fungus.

Click on image to enlarge.

Example fungi include yeast, which resemble bacteria, and molds, which yield a fuzzy-like growth. Fungi are
identified by the type and shape of spores produced. Spores are haploid structures employed in fungal
reproduction. The spores are often the part of the organism that is colored and visible. Asexual spores are
produced in two different structures that are extensions of the hyphae. The first type of spore is called a
conidiospore or conidium (plural: conidia), which is a unicellular or multicellular spore that is not
enclosed in a sac. Aspergillus and Penicillium produce conidia, as seen in the image, below.

Click on image to enlarge.

The second type of asexual spore is called a sporangiospore, which is formed within a sporangium or sac at
the end of an aerial hypha that is called a sporangiophore. Rhizopus is an example of fungi that produce
sporangiospores, as seen in the image below.

Click on image to enlarge.

Fungi are important organisms because they play an integral part of the Earth’s ecosystem. Fungi decompose
matter, recycling and returning nutrients needed to nourish soil and allow plants to grow. Without
decomposers, the nutrients taken in by plants and animals would be removed from the soil and not returned.
Fungi are used in several commercial applications; humans consume a variety of mushrooms as food; yeasts
are used in baking and fermentation (e.g., wine and beer), and fungi are used in the production of many food
products, including some cheeses, and some fungi produce antibiotics.
Organisms classified under the kingdom Plantae are multicellular organisms that have specialized vascular
tissue to conduct solutions throughout the plant. Plants are grouped into two groups based on the number of
first leaves found on the embryo. These embryonic leaves are called seed leaves or cotyledons. Monocots

have one seed leaf, parallel venation (to be described in additional detail in the lab), and complex
arrangement of vascular bundles. In comparison, dicots have two seed leaves, branched venation, and
vascular bundles arranged in a ring, as seen in the image below. Note that the image includes the term
eudicots; plants that are a subset of the dicots and they make up the majority of flowering plants.

Click on image to enlarge.

The vascular tissue found in plants includes xylem, which has thick walls, transports water upward and
throughout the plant from the roots to the leaves, and is found in the middle of the vascular bundle. In
comparison, phloem has a thin wall, transports nutrients downward from the leaves to the roots, and is
found on the outer part of the vascular bundle. The cambium consists of cells between the xylem and
phloem. The inner part of the stem that is often hollow is known as the pith. The vascular tissues are
arranged in bundles located at the periphery of the stem in dicots and scattered throughout the stem in
monocots, as seen in the image below (note that in the image, the dicots are called eudicots; eudicots are a
member of the dicot category of plants and comprise the majority of flowering plants which are called
angiosperms).

Click on image to enlarge.

When a seed (immature embryo) germinates, it produces a primary root, which penetrates the soil. As a
seed grows, it occurs in tissues called meristems, which contain undifferentiated cells that divide, producing
additional cells. Meristems found at the tips of roots and shoots are called apical meristems. Growth that
occurs in apical meristems allows plants to grow in length, a process called primary growth. The root tip
(terminal end) contains a protective root cap layer. Above the cap is the zone of cell division where the
root undergoes rapid growth. As the newly produced cells push up the existing cells, they elongate (zone of
elongation). The top layer of the root finds the zone of maturation where the root is producing root hairs
– extensions of the outer cells. Root hairs are essential for increasing the surface area to volume ratio of the
plant. The growth zones in a typical plant root are seen in the illustrations below. The illustration to the left is
a root and the image to the right is a micrograph of the end of a root. Note the location of the apical
meristem, leaves, and axillary bud meristems.

Click on image to enlarge.

Click on image to enlarge.

The age of a woody tree can be determined by the number of growth rings in the stem/trunk. Each year the
xylem and phloem split and separate into an annual ring. The older structures are termed secondary, and the
new is called primary. The pith is found in the center of the stem. It is surrounded by primary xylem, which
in turn is surrounded by annual rings of secondary xylem. These rings of secondary xylem are the structures
that are counted to determine the age of the tree. Outside the last (oldest) secondary xylem is the cambium,
then the primary phloem. The secondary phloem is found around the cambium, then the primary phloem. To
protect these delicate tissues, the primary phloem is protected by the cork cambium. The outer part of the
cork cambium has dead cells that produce cork or bark to "waterproof" the tree. The secondary growth of a
eudicot stem is illustrated in the image below.

Click on image to enlarge.

Young branches of woody plants are called twigs. The bud at the tip end is called the terminal bud. Along
the sides of the twig is where the lateral buds can be found. These develop if the terminal bud is damaged.
Just below each bud is a leaf scar where an old leaf was once attached. The ring of bud scale scars is where
the terminal bud was in the past year(s).

Click on image to enlarge.

The leaf is a flat blade of a stalk (petiole). Vascular tissue enters the petiole and then travels down the
midrib vein and then may branch to other leaf veins. If a leaf has just one blade, it is a simple leaf; if it has
more than one blade, it is a compound leaf. The direction of the veins is called venation. Leaves may have
parallel venation where each vein runs parallel out of the base to the tip of the leaf. If there is just one
main vein with all the smaller veins perpendicular to it and parallel to each other, the leaf venation is termed
pinnate (like a feather). If several main veins branch from the petiole and these again branch out, the leaf is
said to have palmate venation.

Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce a reproductive structure called a flower. A complete flower
has both male and female parts. The sepals are the small green petals that cover the flower as a bud and
serve as a base support for the open flower. The petals are the broad leaf-like parts on the outer part of the
flower. Around the center there are stamens, which are the male parts of the flower. They usually end in a
pad-like structure called the anther that is attached to the filament. In the center is the female structure
known as the carpal, which at the base, contains the ovaries and the sticky stigma on top.

Click on image to enlarge.

Animalia is the largest kingdom in biology. There are an estimated 9 to 10 million species of animals on this
planet. Everything from nematodes to humans belongs to this kingdom, all sharing some common
characteristics:

1. They are heterotrophic. That is, they do not have the ability to produce their own food.
2. They are multicellular.
3. Their cells lack cell walls.
4. They tend to reproduce sexually.
5. They have mobile stages.
6. They react quickly to their environment.
One of the ways that animals are classified is by their body plan.
This lab focuses on the identification of different types of bacteria, protists, fungi, and plants.

Procedures
1. Utilize the Virtual Microscope to view stained bacterial smears. Be sure to view the slide under all
available levels of magnification and note the magnification for the images drawn. Using a lab notebook
or other paper, draw an image of each bacterium, noting the magnification, name, shape, and Gram
stain reaction.
bacilli
spirilla
cocci
As a review, in using the virtual microscope, please complete the following steps in order. Failure to
properly perform the steps in the following order will result in failure to complete subsequent steps.
Drag and drop a slide onto the microscope.
Click on the stage clip knob on the left of the microscope stage.
Adjust the interpupillary distance. First click on the title "interpupillary distance." Next,
place the pointer on the images and adjust them until the two images are observed as one
image.
Adjust the slide position. Place the pointer on the positioner and adjust the slide until a
clear view of the specimen is observed.
Adjust the iris diaphragm until a comfortable light is obtained.
Adjust the diopter until a clear image is obtained. Use the line on the slide and move it up
or down.
Adjust the course magnification. Use the line and move it up or down until a clear image is
obtained.
Adjust the fine magnification. Use the line and move it up or down until a clear image is
obtained.
Adjust the magnification by clicking on the objective numbers on the microscope.
2. Utilize the VIRTUAL MICROSCOPE to view a flagellated protist called Euglena. Be sure to view the slide
under all available levels of magnification and note the magnification for the images drawn. Draw a
picture of Euglena, identifying the flagella.

3. Utilize the VIRTUAL MICROSCOPE to view unicellular and colonial algae. View the slide of diatomaceous
earth (a diatom) and Volvox (colonial green algae). Draw an image of each organism and describe the
distinguishing characteristics of each. Be sure to view the slide under all available levels of
magnification and note the magnification for the images drawn. Identify the daughter colonies of
Volvox (these are round spheres located within larger spheres) as well as the flagellated cells (seen as
small green dots within each Volvox ball).
4. Utilize the VIRTUAL MICROSCOPE to view three molds (Penicillium, Rhizopus, and Aspergillus). Draw
an image of each, labeling all distinguishing characteristics, including the sporangiospores of Rhizopus,
and the conidia of Aspergillus, and Penicillium. Be sure to view the slide under all available levels of
magnification and note the magnification for the images drawn.
5. Utilize the VIRTUAL MICROSCOPE to view the following three algae: Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, and
Volvox. Draw an image of each alga labeling any distinguishing characteristics, including the
chloroplasts of Spirogyra, and the daughter colonies of Volvox and the chloroplast, eye, and two
flagella found on chlamydomonas. Be sure to view the slide under all available levels of magnification
and note the magnification for the images drawn.
6. View the longitudinal cross sections of a dicot and monocot plant stem seen below. Print out the image,
or draw a picture of the cross sections, labeling the epidermis, pith, and vascular bundles.

Click on image to enlarge.

View the image below, detailing primary growth in a root. Print out the image, or draw the image, and
label the root hairs, cortex, zone of differentiation, zone of elongation, zone of cell division, and root
cap.

Click on image to enlarge.

7. Identify structures on a common twig:
A. Observe the image of a twig and determine the location of:
a. terminal bud

b. lateral buds
c. ring scars
8. Observe water transport in a celery stalk:
A. Obtain a fresh stalk of celery.
B. Hold the celery under water and cut off the end (not the end with the leaves).
C. Fill a tall glass with water.
D. Add red or blue food coloring to the water. Make sure the water is a deep color.
E. Place the celery in the colored water.
F. Observe the appearance of the stalk and leaves each day.
G. Record results daily for one week.
9. View the parts of a flower:
A. Identify the various parts of a flower on the flower model.
B. Build the flower using these parts.
10. Identify leaf type and venation:
A. Identify each of the sample leaves as simple or compound.
B. Identify the venation of each sample leaf.
11. Utilize the VIRTUAL MICROSCOPE to view the following types of animal cells:
cheek
bone
blood
lung
A. Draw an image of each cell and include descriptions of the cell. For the cheek cell, at the
400 magnification, identify the cell boundary and nucleus (dark pink center) of the cells.
For the bone cells, identify the cells called osteocytes, seen as brown structures located
within the concentric rings of the calcified bone. For the blood cells, identify the red blood
cells and white blood cells. The red blood cells are the smaller, pink spheres, and the white
blood cells are the larger spheres with purple centers. Finally, for the lung tissue, identify
individual cells. Notice that the cells appear flat, which make them ideal for gas exchange.
Be sure to view the slide under all available levels of magnification and note the
magnification for the images drawn.

Assessing Your Learning
Compose answers to the questions below in Microsoft Word and save the file as a backup copy in the event
that a technical problem is encountered while attempting to submit the assignment. Copy the answers from
Microsoft Word by simultaneously holding down the Ctrl and A keys to select the text, and then

simultaneously holding down the Ctrl and C keys to copy it. Then, click on the link below to open up the
online submit form for the laboratory. Paste the answers into the online dialog box by inserting the cursor in
the submit box and simultaneously holding down the Ctrl and V keys. The answers should now appear in the
box. Review the work to make sure that all questions have been completely answered and then click on the
Submit button at the bottom of the page.
LAB 10
1. Identify the shape and Gram reaction of the following bacterium. (4 points)

Click on image to enlarge.

2. Name three bacteria (scientific names) and the diseases they cause in humans. (6 points)
a. Name and disease
b. Name and disease
c. Name and disease
3. Are members of the kingdom Eubacteria single-celled or multicellular? (2 points)
4. State two beneficial uses of bacteria. (4 points)
a.
b.
5. Name three protista (scientific names) and the diseases they cause in humans. (6 points)
a. Name and disease
b. Name and disease
c. Name and disease
6. Do all members of the kingdom Protista possess flagella? Explain briefly. (4 points)
7. Were the diatoms observed under the virtual microscope alive or dead? (2 points)
8. State three industrial uses of Fungi. (6 points)
a.
b.
c.
9. What are the haploid reproductive structures of Fungi called? (1 point)
10. a. What is the name of the reproductive structure observed below that is found in some Fungi? (2 points)
b. Give an example of a fungal species that uses this reproductive structure. (2 points)

Click on image to enlarge.

11. Identify the following components on the images below: plant type (monocot or dicot), pith, epidermis,
cortex, and vascular bundles. (6 points)

Click on image to enlarge.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
12. View the image below of primary growth of a root. Identify each structure indicated below with a letter.
(6 points)

Click on image to enlarge.

A.
B.
C.

D.
E.
F.
13. What did the celery look like on each of the following days? (6 points)
a. Day 1
b. Day 3
c. Day 7
14. What is the name for the type of plants that use flowers as their reproductive structure? (2 points)
15. Using the image below, identify each structure of the flower as indicated. (5 points)

Click on image to enlarge.

16. What type of venation do most monocots have? (2 points)
17. Identify the venation of the plant leaf seen below. (4 points)

18. Name a plant root and a plant stem often consumed. (2 points)
a. Root
b. Stem
19. List the distinguishing characteristics of the Animalia kingdom. (6 points)
a.

b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
20. Describe one way that animals are classified. (2 points)
21. (Application) How might the information gained from this lab pertaining to the various kingdoms be
useful to the student, or how can the student apply this knowledge to everyday life as a non-scientist? The
application paragraph will be graded according to the rubric below. (20 points)

EXCELLENT
CRITICAL
THINKING
AND
APPLICATION
OF
INFORMATION
(20 points)

VERY
GOOD

GOOD

FAIR

NEEDS
IMPROVEMENT

18-20

16-17

14-15

12-13

Below 12

Have You Met The Objectives For This Lesson?

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