PSYCHOLOGY ATTEMPTS TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN NATURE USING THE METHOD

13 Jun PSYCHOLOGY ATTEMPTS TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN NATURE USING THE METHOD

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. A is a conceptual tool for understanding certain specified phenomena.

a. theory
b. theoretical construct
c. psychological test
d. variable

2. Personality researchers use:

a. self-report measures
b. projective tests
c. behavioral measures
d. All of the above.

3. The unconscious is least likely to be revealed through:

a. the interpretation of dreams
b. humor
c. objective tests
d. free association

4. According to the text, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., spoke in symbolic terms of the future potentials of the world because he was:

a. a minister
b. an intuitive type
c. black
d. an extravert

5. The archetypes that are closest to consciousness are the:

a. Great Mother and the Spiritual Father
b. Hero and the Trickster
c. Mandala and the Self
d. Shadow and the Anima (or Animus)

6. Organ inferiority, the aggressive drive, masculine protest, superiority striving, and perfection striving are:

a. stages that occur, one after the other, in the development of normal personality
b. stages that occur, one after the other, in the development of unhealthy personality
c. processes in the development of Adler’s thinking about personality
d. various diagnostic categories

7. The effects of birth order are:

a. consistently found, by research, to confirm Adler’s predictions
b. universal across cultures and socioeconomic levels
c. significant for achievement, supporting Adler’s theory, but not for other aspects of personality
d. often significant in research, but with varying effects in different studies

8. The task of infancy, in Erikson’s terminology, is to develop a sense of:

a. autonomy
b. the body
c. trust
d. attachment to the mother

9. Erikson’s theory implies that problems with technology are relevant to which stage of development?

a. second
b. fourth
c. sixth
d. seventh

10. The appeal of love is related to:

a. the self-effacing solution
b. the expansive solution
c. resignation (solution)
d. None of the above.

11. When Allport met Freud, what happened?

a. Freud analyzed Allport’s dreams.
b. Freud experienced a powerful countertransference.
c. Allport thought that Freud misunderstood him.
d. Allport proposed that he develop a test to measure Freudian defense mechanisms.

12. Which of the following is not listed by Allport as characteristic of a normal, mature adult?

a. warm human interactions
b. emotional security
c. realistic perceptions
d. financial success

13. Cattell classified projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, as:

a. D-data
b. L-data
c. Q-data
d. T-data

14. Imitating others is made possible biologically by:

a. mirror neurons
b. memory strategies
c. evolved psychological mechanisms
d. temperament

15. Children who cried and clung to their mothers, in Kagan’s studies, were called:

a. inhibited
b. neurotic
c. difficulty children
d. uninhibited

16. In addition to Freud’s first three psychosexual stages, Dollard and Miller described a fourth stage, concerned with conflict over:

a. anger
b. sex roles
c. siblings
d. playmates

17. Because they both thought in terms of privacy and power, Nixon and Kissinger could relate well to one another, according to Kelly’s Corollary.

a. Choice
b. Commonality
c. Modulation
d. Sociality

18. “Slot-movement” refers to:

a. radical changes, such as from atheist to “born-again Christian”
b. role changes, such as moving from being a student to being an employee
c. gambling
d. a method for scoring personality tests

19. Adam doesn’t know whether he will be thanked or criticized if he helps cook dinner. He is uncertain about:

a. self-efficacy expectancies
b. competencies
c. encoding strategies
d. behavior-outcome expectancies

20. “If I ask Jane to go to the movies, will she go, or reject me?” This is a question of:

a. reciprocal determinism
b. stimulus-outcome expectancies
c. behavior-outcome expectancies
d. self-efficacy expectancies

21. Bandura expanded learning theory by his work on the importance of:

a. extinction
b. generalization
c. modeling
d. punishment

22. The best guide to healthy growth, according to Rogers, is:

a. a professional psychotherapist
b. a religious philosophy of life
c. the organismic valuing process
d. careful reasoning

23. Adolescents who are creative are likely to have had parents who:

a. encouraged their children’s curiosity in early life
b. encouraged their children to control their emotions
c. were critical of them
d. helped their children with their work

24. Which of the following illustrates B-motivation?

a. jealousy
b. beauty, truth, and justice
c. focused attention
d. business

25. Buddhism traces its roots back about years.

a. 1000
b. 1500
c. 2500
d. 5000

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. Psychology attempts to understand human nature using the method of:

a. science
b. literature
c. intuition
d. philosophy

2. A measure in which a person is given a score on some dimension, for example, a score of 61 or 85 on a 100-point scale of “traditionality,” is a measure.

a. qualitative
b. quantitative
c. factorial
d. typological

3. Personality dynamics includes which of the following?

a. adaptation to the environment
b. cognitive processes
c. cultural influence
d. All of the above.

4. Biological influences result in differences in styles of behavior and emotional reactions in infancy and afterwards. Which term best describes such differences?

a. personality
b. trait
c. type
d. temperament

5. Theoretical constructs are:

a. obsolete in modern personality theory
b. the concepts of a theory
c. used only in experimental research
d. used only in correlational research

6. A theory that offers practical strategies for improving human life is said to have:

a. comprehensiveness
b. applied value
c. generalizability
d. empirical verifiability

7. Which approach to reliability can be used if subjects are tested on only one occasion, using only one test?

a. test-retest reliability
b. alternate forms reliability
c. split half reliability
d. No reliability tests are possible with only one testing session.

8. Freud’s theory challenged our trust in:

a. conscious experience
b. science
c. therapy
d. hypnosis

9. According to Freud, a child who has been sexually abused and who cannot remember the experience:

a. is psychotic
b. is lucky, since the event cannot have produced any psychological damage
c. has suppressed the experience into the preconscious
d. has repressed the experience into the unconscious

10. According to Freud’s hedonic hypothesis, people seek:

a. consciousness
b. pleasure
c. ego
d. the opposite-sex parent

11. anxiety signals that id impulses may break through (overcome repression) and be expressed.

a. Moral
b. Neurotic
c. Reality
d. Hedonic

12. A person who borrows or merges his or her identity with someone else, such as a powerful parent, is using the defense mechanism of:

a. identification
b. projection
c. reaction formation
d. rationalization

13. Attitudes toward money are, according to psychoanalytic theory, related to development during the stage.

a. oral
b. anal
c. phallic
d. latency

14. What was Jung’s attitude toward scientific methods and language?

a. He praised scientific methods above literary methods.
b. He rejected science, saying it is unsuitable for understanding the psyche.
c. He accepted experimental science, but not survey methods.
d. He agreed with Freud’s opinion about science.

15. The persona is the aspect of personality that:

a. adapts to the world
b. is the basis for the true Self
c. deceives others
d. contains the sexual and aggressive instincts

16. Jung’s concept of the “collective unconscious” is controversial because:

a. it is difficult to operationally define
b. it suggests that personality is inherited, thus contributing to racism
c. it is contrary to the environmental emphasis of most of psychology
d. All of the above.

17. Jung understood religious symbolism in terms of the:

a. personal unconscious
b. collective unconscious
c. persona
d. diffusion hypothesis

18. Symbolic therapy techniques used by Jung included:

a. artistic creations
b. myths
c. attention to symbols
d. All the above.

19. An individual’s personality type, consisting of introversion or extraversion plus the dominant function, is called the:

a. character type
b. diagnosis
c. psychological type
d. genotype

20. According to Adler, the basic human motivation is to strive toward:

a. a better situation
b. sexual fulfillment
c. balance between the conscious and the unconscious
d. inner peace

21. In Adler’s theory, a superiority complex is:

a. a sign that a person has achieved a high level of mental health
b. a requirement to become a therapist
c. unhealthy
d. not mentioned

22. Which phrase did Adler use to refer to people who do not develop in a healthy way?

a. mistaken styles of life
b. psychologically underdeveloped
c. neurotic misfits
d. retarded

23. Which statement best describes the attitude of Adlerian psychologists toward parents?

a. Parents can learn to be more effective through training programs.
b. Parents have much less impact on their children than is generally supposed.
c. Parents should limit their families to no more than two children.
d. Parents know what is best for their children.

24. Adler described the youngest child as likely to be:

a. pampered or spoiled
b. high in social interest
c. deformed
d. rebellious

25. Which of the following is not one of Adler’s “tasks of life”?

a. love
b. reproduction
c. social interaction
d. work

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. Before he was a psychoanalyst, Erikson was a(n):

a. philosopher
b. engineer
c. physician
d. artist

2. According to Erikson, personality develops:

a. primarily before the age of five
b. primarily in adolescence
c. throughout the life span, in five stages
d. throughout the life span, in eight stages

3. In Erikson’s third psychosocial stage, the child acts in a(n) mode.

a. intrusive
b. incompetent
c. incorporative
d. selfish

4. Generativity can be expressed through the role of:

a. parent
b. teacher
c. mentor
d. All the above.

5. Erikson considers this a possible substitute for religion as a cultural support.

a. productive work
b. artistic creation
c. fellowship
d. All the above.

6. The seventh psychosocial stage is expressed in the role of:

a. parent.
b. teacher.
c. mentor.
d. All of the above.

7. The stage which has been most frequently studied by researchers is the stage.

a. autonomy
b. industry
c. identity
d. intimacy

8. According to the text, Marilyn Monroe fits the pattern of a person with:

a. excessive self-control
b. a “moving away” type personality
c. womb envy
d. a neurotic need for affection

9. According to Horney, people who are compliant with others’ needs, constantly seeking affection and approval, are:

a. high in social interest
b. likely to be aware of their own hostility
c. disproportionately focused on “moving toward”
d. emotionally healthy

10. Parental neglect and rejection makes a child angry according to Horney, leading to a dilemma for the child as to whether to express their anger or not. Horney called this basic:

a. evil
b. anxiety
c. hostility
d. conflict

11. According to Horney, detached personality types seem to live by the motto:

a. “If you love me, you will not hurt me.”
b. “If I have power, no one can hurt me.”
c. “If I do my best, nothing can hurt me.”
d. “If I withdraw, nothing can hurt me.”

12. Turning away from the real self, with all its imperfections, is (according to Horney):

a. a sign of loss of contact with reality
b. likely to prevent growth
c. characteristic of “moving away” type people, but not the other types
d. All of the above.

13. Blind spots prevent us from:

a. detecting dangers in the world
b. realizing how little our parents really loved us
c. seeing our own faults
d. experiencing jealousy

14. Allport defined personality as “the dynamic organization within the individual of those
that determine his .”

a. traits; mental health
b. significant attachments; social interactions
c. psychophysical systems; unique adjustments to the environment
d. physical characteristics; individuality

15. According to Allport, the basic unit of personality is the:

a. ego
b. interpersonal style
c. trait
d. proprium

16. Traits can be inferred from:

a. behavior
b. personal letters
c. personality tests
d. All of the above.

17. The half dozen or so major personality dispositions of a person are traits.

a. cardinal
b. central
c. primary
d. secondary

18. The highest level of integration of personality is reflected in an individual’s , according to Allport.

a. sense of self
b. habits of everyday living
c. philosophy of life
d. traits

19. The earliest stage in the development of the proprium focuses on:

a. the hunger drive
b. the relationship with the mother
c. the sense of the body
d. language

20. Cattell proposed that the experimental and quantitative phase of the study of personality was preceeded by:

a. intuitive insights expressed through literature
b. clinically oriented theories supported by some experimental work
c. both a and b
d. None of the above.

21. Cattell thought that alone were questionable in assessing personality.

a. projective tests
b. factor analysis
c. self-reports
d. objective tests

22. Cattell developed his 16PF by using the statistical technique known as:

a. the P-technique
b. the Q-technique
c. ergic analysis
d. factor analysis

23. The Culture Fair Intelligence Test is designed to measure intelligence.

a. the impact of culture on
b. crystallized
c. race differences in
d. fluid

24. traits are motivational traits.

a. Ability
b. Dynamic
c. Surface
d. Temperament

25. Jane loves her family. Harold is unhappy with his home. Sarah is very religious. These are examples of .

a. temperament traits
b. ergs
c. attitudes
d. sentiments

Multiple Choice Questions (Circle the correct answer)

1. Specific processes that have evolved because they solve particular adaptive problems of survival are called:

a. evolved coping skills
b. evolved psychosocial mechanisms
c. unconscious processes
d. evolved psychological mechanisms

2. Evolutionary theory describes that sexual attraction is greatest toward:

a. physically attractive partners
b. older partners
c. partners who resemble the opposite sex parent
d. partners with artistic or musical talents

3. The evolutionary theory explains that people that choose to be celibate:

a. make no contribution to the species
b. often still take care of their kin, who in turn have children and thus the celibate person is still contributing to the well-being of the species
c. have weak genes and in not having children they are serving to strengthen the species
d. are confused about what they really want and therefore they cannot be good parents

4. Which of the following is NOT one of the EASI temperament model’s dimensions?

a. emotionality
b. agreeability
c. sociability
d. impulsivity

5. In temperament studies, the sympathetic nervous system is less active in children.

a. inhibited
b. uninhibited
c. younger
d. older

6. Neurological evidence of left-right brain functioning shows that anger activates the:

a. left hemisphere, along with anxiety and fear
b. left hemisphere, along with pleasant experiences that lead to approach
c. right hemisphere, along with anxiety and fear
d. right hemisphere, along with pleasant experiences that lead to approach

7. In Eysenck’s theory, neuroticism is associated with:

a. greater emotional arousal
b. greater activity in the limbic system
c. greater use of defense mechanisms
d. All of the above.

8. According to J. A. Gray’s theory, behaviors of approaching and avoiding stimuli are influenced by:

a. neurotransmitters
b. birth order
c. early experience
d. visual stimuli

9. The Behavioral Activation System is associated with:

a. impulsive behavior
b. negative emotions
c. fear
d. All of the above.

10. The term “BIS” in Gray’s theory refers to:

a. the Behavioral Impulse Syndrome
b. behavior, intellect, and selectivity
c. belief, inspiration, and sublimation
d. the Behavioral Inhibition System

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. The fundamental assumption of evolutionary approaches is that genetic variations that enhance reproductive success will become more frequent over generations as a:

a. result of natural selection
b. males are superior to females
c. biology influences physical but not behavioral characteristics
d. experience does not influence personality

2. When it comes to reproductive potential, men may choose to do which of the following?

a. promiscuity
b. have children with one women and then stay and protect them
c. not have children but help care and protect his kin’s children
d. All the above.

3. Parents enhance the survival of their genes by:

a. having only one child
b. adopting children
c. nurturing their children
d. abusing their children

4. Neuroscientists recording responses to auditory stimuli in people’s brainstem find that:

a. no activity is produced in this area of the brain
b. extraverts react more strongly to auditory stimuli than introverts
c. introverts react more strongly to auditory stimuli than extraverts
d. introverts and extraverts react similarly

5. The Behavioral Inhibition System would most likely be activated when you experience:

a. a sudden, frightening stimulus
b. the need to study instead of going out
c. joy
d. goal attainment

6. The trait of harm avoidance is associated with:

a. the neurotransmitter serotonin
b. introversion
c. high tolerance for pain
d. a history of abuse

7. Normal development of the brain depends upon:

a. genetics
b. environment
c. mother-infant interaction
d. All of the above.

8. Besides exploring psychoanalysis and learning theory, Miller included conducted research in:

a. physiological mechanisms of motivation
b. sociology
c. chemistry
d. medicine

9. Which of the following best defines a cue in the sense that Dollard and Miller used the term?

a. a vague idea about what is desired
b. an ordered list of possible responses
c. distinctive stimuli that a person notices at the time of behavior
d. the reward for a behavior

10. Sarah has learned to say, “May I watch television?” when she hears her older sister ask that same question. Her older sister asks when the clock says that it is 7 PM, but Sarah can’t tell time yet. This is an example of .

a. same behavior
b. copying
c. matched dependent behavior
d. generalization

11. Dollard and Miller suggested that toilet training is easier if:

a. the child is an only child
b. it is begun as early as possible
c. it is delayed until language develops to provide mediating cues
d. the child goes to nursery school

12. Barbara remarks, “The closer we get to the restaurant, the hungrier I get!” This observation corresponds to which concept?

a. gradient of approach
b. gradient of avoidance
c. approach-avoidance conflict
d. spontaneous recovery

13. In contrast to therapy, attempts to reduce conflict with alcohol and drugs:

a. never work
b. are slower
c. are more likely to be effective
d. provide a temporary and generalized reduction of avoidance

14. Kelly was most disturbed by the in Freud’s theory.

a. focus on sexuality
b. loose definitions
c. anti-religious sentiment
d. distrust of consciousness

15. According to Kelly, preverbal constructs are useful for understanding:

a. conscious goals
b. psychosomatic disorders
c. creativity
d. vocational choice

16. Joe thinks of people as “likable” or “unfriendly.” When Joe meets someone new, he
classifies them into either of these categories. The construct, “likable/friendly” is, for Joe, a(n)
construct.

a. concrete
b. complex
c. preverbal
d. permeable

17. Slot movement describes:

a. fitting in to society’s roles
b. becoming a leader in a bureaucracy
c. extension of the construct system
d. changing to the contrast pole of a construct

18. “Is your teacher happy?” a student is asked. The student replies, “I don’t know; I never thought about that.” What interpretation from Kelly’s theory is appropriate?

a. “Happiness” is a core construct for the student.
b. The student has a fragmented view of the teacher.
c. The teacher is a victim of slot movement.
d. The teacher is outside the range of convenience of the student’s construct “happiness.”

19. The first step in taking the REP test is to:

a. free associate to your dreams
b. list several people whom you know
c. make a list of all the things you want to accomplish
d. describe yourself in 250 words or less

20. Mischel focuses particularly on variables.

a. cognitive
b. environmental
c. motivational
d. situational

21. Terms that we use to describe ourselves and other people, such as “intelligent, outgoing, and empathic,” would be called by Mischel.

a. traits
b. personal constructs
c. expectancies
d. subjective stimulus values

22. According to Mischel, people are not passively controlled by their environment because they can develop to influence their own behavior.

a. personal constructs
b. prototypes
c. traits
d. self-regulatory systems

23. An individual who needs to focus on doing a task might be able to initiate appropriate cognitive affective units by:

a. moving to a physical context to allow for activation
b. engaging in affirming self talk
c. becoming more aware of the cognitive context needed for different behaviors
d. All the above.

24. Which of the following is not one of the expectancies described by Mischel?

a. behavior-outcome expectancy
b. societal-outcome expectancy
c. self-efficacy expectancy
d. stimulus-outcome expectancy

25. Which of the following does not describe a prototype?

a. can be very broad in their descriptiveness
b. can be very narrow, concrete, and vivid
c. offer ways to easily classify all individuals
d. make it easier to recall information about individual’s that fit into a prototype than those who do not

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. The concept of reciprocal determinism involves all of the following variables except which one?

a. behavior
b. environment
c. person
d. society

2. A person high in self-efficacy:

a. is high in overall intelligence
b. believes he or she can act effectively in a situation
c. is popular
d. is healthy

3. A student who believes he or she can memorize all the definitions in the book, but still will not get a good grade, has:

a. low self-efficacy expectations
b. low outcome expectations
c. both low efficacy expectations and low outcome expectations
d. a phobia

4. A high level of self-efficacy is associated with:

a. pessimism
b. improved immune functioning
c. being female
d. All of the above.

5. The term “retention process” refers to:

a. noticing a model
b. remembering what a model has done
c. doing what a model has done
d. deciding whether it is worthwhile to behave as a model has done

6. Bandura’s studies of modeling in children were designed to investigate the psychoanalytic concept of:

a. Oedipal rivalry
b. sibling rivalry
c. superego development
d. identification

7. In his studies of film-mediated aggression, children watched models behave aggressively toward:

a. other adults
b. children
c. animals
d. a Bobo doll

8. Carl Rogers grew up in a family that can be described as .

a. neglecting
b. strict
c. alcoholic
d. nonreligious

9. Within each person, inner experience signals what is growth-producing. Rogers called this experience .

a. conscience
b. self-actualization
c. incongruence
d. the organismic valuing process

10. Which of the following was not one of the characteristics of a fully functioning person listed by Rogers?

a. existential living
b. openness to experience
c. social interest
d. creativity

11. In Rogers’s theory, the ideal self:

a. is the source of healthy development
b. is the same thing as the real self
c. should be incongruent with the real self, for optimal development
d. interferes with self-actualization

12. In conditional positive regard:

a. love is given only for “good” behavior
b. self-examination occurs only when conditions are right
c. children are neglected
d. the real self is trusted more than the ideal self

13. Jeffrey has just broken a window. Which statement illustrates his parents’ unconditional positive regard?

a. “You must pay for the window, however much it costs.”
b. “You won’t be allowed to play baseball for a week.”
c. “That happened to me once, when I was a kid.”
d. “I love you anyway.”

14. Abraham Maslow’s theory emphasizes:

a. social determinants of behavior
b. learning
c. scientific methodology
d. the most healthy individuals

15. At the lower levels of the hierarchy of needs, people are motivated by:

a. fear
b. conscious goals
c. unmet basic needs
d. neurotic conflict

16. Regarding sex, Maslow thought that it was:

a. only a physiological need
b. an important “love and belongingness” need, as well as a physiological need
c. not a source of deficiency motivation in the twentieth century
d. not interesting for a theory concerned with self-actualization

17. The highest need on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is:

a. creativity
b. self-esteem
c. self-actualization
d. love

18. Which of the following characteristics is typical of D-love?

a. independence for both partners
b. facilitation of each partner’s growth
c. jealousy
d. self-actualization

19. Buddhism seeks to foster healthy growth by emphasizing:

a. individual differences
b. judgmental acceptance of differences
c. the unchanging ways of humanity
d. universal potentialities in the human condition

20. The Dalai Lama has achieved a higher stage of consciousness by following the Eightfold Path. Buddhists call this status:

a. enlightenment
b. actualization
c. self-actualization
d. ego-integrity

21. The Buddhist way to deal with suffering is to:

a. allow into consciousness
b. feel sorry for oneself
c. avoid the pain
d. continually push it aside

22. Nirvana is:

a. the goal of spiritual development
b. one of the Four Noble Truths
c. a Buddhist concept of self
d. a technique to achieve enlightenment

23. According to Buddhism, which of the following emotions can interfere with one’s accurate perception of reality?

a. anger
b. love
c. passion
d. All of the above.

24. Buddhism explains prejudice and violence as:

a. an attachment to self
b. an attachment to difference
c. a detachment from compassion
d. resulting from one’s caste

25. Meditation has been found to be helpful with which of the following conditions?

a. anxiety
b. criminal behavior
c. high cholesterol
d. All of the above.