Psychology help

27 May Psychology help

CIRCLE OR HIGHLIGHT the correct answer for the following questions; then after each, you will be asked to provide a rationale for your answer, an explanation, or example. DO NOT LEAVE ANY OBJECTIVE QUESTION OR WRITTEN PORTION OF THE TEST UNANSWERED.

1. A collection of related ideas and observations that describe, explain, and predict behavior and mental processes is called a:

a. theory. c. proposal.

b. guess. d. hypothesis.

Please provide an example of this concept in your own scientific, psychological study. Just make one up! In one paragraph, tell me what your study would be and where this concept would fall within your study: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The final step in the scientific method is to:

a. draw conclusions. c. conduct a research review.

b. collect and analyze data. d. report results.

Please provide an example of this step in the scientific method in your own scientific, psychological study. In one paragraph, tell me what your study would be and where this concept would fall within this study: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In questions 3 through 7, MATCH each of the following research methods (a-e) with the statement which best describes it. Write the concept in the space next to the statement:

a. naturalistic observation d. case study

b. laboratory observation e. survey

c. correlational study

3. This method allows researchers to gather self-report data from a representative sample of the population. ______________________________

Please provide your own example of this method in your own scientific, psychological study. If you were to conduct your study using this method, how would you go about doing so? In one paragraph, tell me how you would utilize this method in a study of your choosing:

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4. This method involves determining the strength of relationship between two variables, though cause and effect cannot be determined. _________________________________

Please provide an example of this method in your own scientific, psychological study. In one paragraph, explain what variables you might utilize to determine strength of relationships in your study:

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5. This method allows researchers to observe behaviors while maintaining control of the environment. ________________________________

Please provide an example of this method in the scientific, psychological study you came up with in question 1. If you were to conduct your study using this method, how would you go about doing so? In one paragraph, tell me how you would utilize this method:

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6. This method involves collecting extensive data on one person of interest. __________________

Please provide an example of this method in the scientific, psychological study you came up with in question 1. If you were to conduct your study using this method, how would you go about doing so? In one paragraph, tell me how you would utilize this method and what one person you might collect data on:

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7. This method allows researchers to observe behaviors that are more natural or spontaneous.

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Please provide an example of this method in the scientific, psychological study you came up with in question 1. If you were to conduct your study using this method, how would you go about doing so? In one paragraph, tell me how you would utilize this method and what natural or spontaneous behaviors you would watch for:

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8. Three major schools of thought in psychology are the cognitive, humanistic, and behavioral perspectives. Beside each perspective is a brief description. In one paragraph for each, explain the perspective in your own words and explain how it pertains to the learning (school) environment:

• a. Cognitivists are interested in how knowledge is acquired. Their study centers around information processing and meaningful learning.

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b. • Humanistic proponents are interested in personal development, the self, and the way feelings, attitudes, and values are acquired. They are concerned that school learning focuses too much on academic learning to the detriment of learning about oneself and others.

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c.• Behaviorists are interested in how the environment can be changed or manipulated in order to change behavior in a desirable direction.

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MATCH each of the following perspectives with the statement below which best describes it. Write it in the space below the statement.

a. Humanistic b. Psychoanalytic c. Cognitive d. Behaviorism

9. This perspective focused on mental processes, such as decision-making and memory.

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10. This perspective believes people are basically “good” and driven to reach their full potential.

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11. Freud focused on the unconscious mind and on early childhood experiences.

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12. Researchers like Watson and Skinner believed psychologists should focus on observable, measureable behaviors.

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13. In one robust paragraph, choose one of the four perspectives above and describe a situation that occurred at your school, where you thought this perspective was either necessary and appropriate over the others, or was an inappropriate approach to the situation. Explain:

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14. The Central Nervous System (CNS) in humans is comprised of two structures:

a. the brain and peripheral nerves

b. the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

c. the autonomic and peripheral nerves

d. spinal cord and peripheral nerves

e. the brain and spinal cord

Describe in your own words (from your own schemata), the function of each of these structures:

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15. _______________ are branch-shaped structures on a neuron that receive incoming signals from other neurons.

a. Axons c. Glial cells

b. Dendrites d. Receptors

From where did these signals originate, and where are they headed? What is their ultimate function?

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MATCH each of the following NEUROTRANSMITTERS with the statement which best describes it. Place the name of the neurotransmitter in the blank next to the statement. Then there is a paragraph after #18 to complete. PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE IT BLANK:

a. Serotonin c. GABA

b. Dopamine d. Norepinephrine

e. Acetylcholine

16. it is involved in memory and movement; its deficiency is linked to Alzheimer’s disease

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17. an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in sleep regulation and mood; its deficiency has been linked to depression, suicide, and impulsive violence

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18. it inhibits involuntary muscle movements and has been linked to both Parkinson’s disease and Schizophrenia

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19. it activates the sympathetic nervous system and influences arousal; its involved in the brain’s reward centers and may be depleted by repeated cocaine usage

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20. an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces anxiety and seizure disorders

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21. Utilizing one of these neurotransmitters, describe what stimulus or stressor might elicit the production of this neurotransmitter.

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22. In the brain stem, what is the function of the RETICULAR FORMATION?

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23. If we were to place an electrode on the reticular formation of a rat and provide him or her an electric shock to this area, what might the rat experience?

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MATCH each of the following FOREBRAIN STRUCTURES with the function or descriptions which best matches it. Place the name of the proper structure in the space next to the statement:

a. thalamus c. hippocampus

b. hypothalamus d. amygdala

24. It is responsible for our experiences of hunger, thirst, and sexual behaviors.

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25. What type disorder might result from damage to this structure? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

26. It is involved in the formation of long-term memories.

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27. What type disorder might result from damage to this structure: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

28. It contributes to movement and posture, and is linked with Parkinson’s disease.

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29. What type disorder might result from damage to this structure:

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30. In one paragraph, describe the difference between the Babinski reflex and the Palmar Grasp reflex:

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31. Development refers to how people…

Select one:

a. learn from clues in their environment.

b. grow, adapt, and change over the course of their lifetimes.

c. use context to nurture social relationships.

d. process environmental information.

32. What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous developmental theory?:

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33. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development proposes that a child’s intellect (cognitive ability) progresses through four stages in which individuals…

Select one:

a. organize and process information as cognitive structures called schemes.

b. demonstrate thinking abilities through repetition of modeled behaviors (bobo doll).

c. process information patterns with the assistance of scaffolding.

d. demonstrate thinking patterns called identity crises.

35. The process of understanding a new object or event using existing schemes is called…

Select one:

a. memorization.

b. conservation.

c. assimilation.

d. accommodation.

36. Provide me one possible example of this phenomenon with a young child:

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37. Which of the following is an argument used by critics of Piaget’s theory?

Select one:

a. The stage idea is based too much on the result of experimental-type research rather than descriptive research.

b. Piaget overestimated children’s abilities and used tasks that were too easy.

c. There is some evidence that children can be taught to master skills such as conservation at an earlier stage than Piaget thought possible.

d. The theory is based too heavily on the concept that children can be taught almost anything if the teaching method is appropriate.

38. Name at least one skill children could master at each of Piaget’s stages/name the stages:

a. _______________________________________________________________ b.________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________________

39. Drop me a link here to the song or music video of your choosing that represents a Psychological concept we have talked about so far this semester, or that you would like to talk about this semester: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

40. Essay portion of the test: READING Summary

Read the attached “Sleep” article carefully. Utilize this article, along with your sleep log “self-study,” and write a 1-page essay summary of the article along with your “reflection of the article. Tie in your sleep log to help discuss the articles.

“Reflection” is defined as contemplating something with lengthy consideration. In this case, the easiest form of reflection is to relate the topic of the reading to your personal life in some way. This may include telling a story, describing your viewpoint on the topic, or relating it to someone you know. This is where your sleep log comes in.

[For example, if this were a reading on Gender Differences, you could offer your opinion about those differences or relate them to your childhood history.]

Proofread your essay carefully for content as well as spelling, grammar, punctuation, sentence & paragraph structure, etc.

To sleep, perchance to dream…

By: Tara Maltman-Just Winnipeg Free Press – PRINT EDITION

The alarm goes off on another blustery morning, awakening you from a dream. You might think, “it can’t seriously be morning already.” And I know you’re not the only one. Every day, I meet with patients struggling with sleep deprivation, whether it’s difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep or even sleeping at all. Sound familiar? If so, you might experience morning sluggishness until you have that first caffeine hit. This boosts you before your usual afternoon low. When you get home, you may be drained and ready to rest. Except come bedtime, instead of counting sheep, your mind is racing with thoughts of tomorrow’s to-do list, paradoxically feeling “tired but wired” all at the same time.

Sleep is a necessity, not a luxury. Shakespeare picked up on this, even in his time before electric lights and non-stop technology. Since the 1900s, our sleep duration has decreased by nearly 30 per cent from 9.5 hours nightly. Studies show seven to eight hours is optimal, and any less can increase weight gain and increase risk of diabetes, dementia, heart attacks, blood pressure and depression. It can also reduce cognitive function, hampering our memory, mood and ability to learn new tasks.

The best time to sleep is by 10 p.m. Why? Our body is telling us to head to bed, by way of the natural sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm. It’s dependent upon cortisol, our body’s main stress hormone, which naturally decreases at night. Sleep deprivation spikes cortisol and alters our sleep pattern. I’ve seen this a lot in shift workers, including hospital workers, commercial airline pilots, and (ahem) newspaper staff.

As cortisol drops, melatonin rises. It supports nightly healing and repair along with growth hormones, helping us look and feel younger. Melatonin decreases as we age, and can be depleted by medications, leading to less sleep and less dreaming. I prefer to measure levels through saliva to personalize supplementation.

Side effects of too much melatonin? Nightmares. There is a fine line, however, as dreams themselves are important and indicate good-quality REM sleep. If you’re dreaming in color, that’s even better! This means not only do you have those vivid dreams, but that your memory is in good shape too.

Here are some dos and don’ts for catching some quality zzzs:

Do:

— keep your room dark (so you can’t see your hand in front of you)

— have a hot shower or bath before bed, and keep your bedroom one to two degrees cooler than normal (this temperature shift induces sleep; think of it as a mini-hibernation)

— turn on bright lights in the morning

— take magnesium and B vitamins (which help melatonin work)

— cut back on caffeine (it spikes cortisol and depletes nutrients needed for sleep)

— correct conditions that contribute to insomnia (menopausal hormone imbalance, adrenal fatigue, depression or sleep apnea)

— brew a cup of chamomile, lemon balm or passion-flower tea

Don’t:

— use computers and tablets two hours before bed (they stimulate cortisol)

— turn on the light if you awaken (this instantly drops melatonin)

— stare at the alarm clock (focus on calming music, nature sounds or a favorite vacation destination)

— use alcohol to induce sleep (it reduces dreaming and causes rebound awakenings)

— smoke two hours before bed (nicotine is a stimulant)

— supplement with melatonin without the advice of your medical practitioner (instead, include food sources: bananas, oats, walnuts)

— take sleeping pills for longer than two weeks if possible (they disrupt the normal sleep architecture and reduce dreaming)

Essay:

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