Question NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology

09 Jun Question NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology

Question
NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology

Week 4 Quiz

Question 1. An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and a systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect?

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect

Question 2. Individuals being effectively managed for type 2 diabetes mellitus often experience a healthy decline in blood pressure as a result of which intervention?

Managed carbohydrate intake

Appropriate exercise

Insulin-sensitivity medication therapy

Introduction of minimal doses of insulin

Question 3. Where can coarctation of the aorta (COA) be located?

Exclusively on the aortic arch

Proximal to the brachiocephalic artery

Between the origin of the aortic arch and the bifurcation of the aorta in the lower abdomen

Between the origin of the aortic arch and the origin of the first intercostal artery

Question 4. An infant has a continuous machine-type murmur best heard at the left upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole, as well as a bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect?

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect

Question 5. An infant diagnosed with a small patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) would likely exhibit:

Intermittent murmur

Lack of symptoms

Need for surgical repair

Triad of congenital defects

Question 6. What is the initial manifestation of aortic coarctation observed in a neonate?

Congestive heart failure

Cor pulmonale

Pulmonary hypertension

Cerebral hypertension

Question 7. The pulsus paradoxus that occurs as a result of pericardial effusion is caused by a dysfunction in which mechanism?

Diastolic filling pressure of the right ventricle and reduction of blood volume in both ventricles

Blood ejected from the right atrium and reduction of blood volume in the right ventricle

Blood ejected from the left atrium and reduction of blood volume in the left ventricle

Diastolic filling pressure of the left ventricle and reduction of blood volume in all four heart chambers

Question 8. The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur?

Right-to-left blood shunting

Left-to-right blood shunting

Blood flow from the umbilical cord

Blood flow to the lungs

Question 9. What is the cause of the dyspnea resulting from a thoracic aneurysm?

Pressure on surrounding organs

Poor oxygenation

Formation of atherosclerotic lesions

Impaired blood flow

Question 10. Nicotine increases atherosclerosis by the release of which neurotransmitter?

Histamine

Nitric oxide

Angiotensin II

Epinephrine

Question 11. What is the trigger for angina pectoris?

Atherosclerotic lesions

Hyperlipidemia

Myocardial necrosis

Myocardial ischemia

Question 12. When endothelia cells are injured, which alteration contributes to atherosclerosis?

Toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are released.

Cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines.

Cells produce an increased amount of antithrombotic cytokines.

Cells develop hypersensitivity to homocysteine and lipids.

Question 13. At birth, which statement is true?

Systemic resistance and pulmonary resistance fall.

Gas exchange shifts from the placenta to the lungs.

Systemic resistance falls, and pulmonary resistance rises.

Systemic resistance and pulmonary resistance rise.

Question 14. Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of vasospasms of one or more coronary arteries?

Unstable

Stable

Silent

Prinzmetal

Question 15. Which factor is responsible for hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?

Increased norepinephrine

Adducin

Angiotensin II

Insulin resistance

Question 16. What is the usual source of pulmonary emboli?

Deep venous thrombosis

Endocarditis

Valvular disease

Left heart failure

Question 17. Which cardiac pathologic condition contributes to ventricular remodeling?

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Right ventricular failure

Myocardial ischemia

Contractile dysfunction

Question 18. Amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, or glycogen storage disease usually causes which form of cardiomyopathy?

Infiltrative

Restrictive

Septal

Hypertrophic

Question 19. Which event triggers congenital heart defects that cause acyanotic congestive heart failure?

Right-to-left shunts

Left-to-right shunts

Obstructive lesions

Mixed lesions

Question 20. When does systemic vascular resistance in infants begin to increase?

One month before birth

During the beginning stage of labor

One hour after birth

Once the placenta is removed from circulation