Question NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology

09 Jun Question NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology

Question
NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology

Week 8 Quiz

Question 1 What effects do exercise and body position have on renal blood flow?

Question 1 options:

They activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.

They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.

Both activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.

They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.

Question 2

Blood vessels of the kidneys are innervated by the:

Question 2 options:

Vagus nerve

Sympathetic nervous system

Somatic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 3

When renin is released, it is capable of which action?

Question 3 options:

Inactivation of autoregulation

Direct activation of angiotensin II

Direct release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Formation of angiotensin

Question 4

Which effect do natriuretic peptides have during heart failure when the heart dilates?

Question 4 options:

Stimulation of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)

Inhibition of ADH

Stimulation of renin and aldosterone

Inhibition of renin and aldosterone

Question 5

What is the direct action of atrial natriuretic hormone?

Question 5 options:

Sodium retention

Sodium excretion

Water retention

Water excretion

Question 6 Which term is used to identify the movement of fluids and solutes from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary plasma?

Question 6 options:

Tubular secretion

Ultrafiltration

Tubular reabsorption

Tubular excretion

Question 7

Which statement is true regarding urodilatin?

Question 7 options:

Urodilatin inhibits sodium chloride and water reabsorption in the medullary part of the collecting duct.

Urodilatin inhibits antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to prevent water reabsorption in the medullary part of the collecting duct.

Urodilatin is stimulated by a rise in blood pressure and an increase in extracellular volume.

Urodilatin is stimulated by a fall in blood pressure and a decrease in extracellular volume.

Question 8

Compared to a younger individual, how is the specific gravity of urine in older adults affected?

Question 8 options:

The specific gravity of urine in older adults is increased.

The specific gravity of urine in older adults is considered high normal.

The specific gravity of urine in older adults is considered low normal.

The specific gravity of urine in older adults is decreased.

Question 9

How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure?

Question 9 options:

Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium, resulting in more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration.

When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.

Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried into the cell.

Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the cell in exchange for hydrogen.

Question 10

Which statement is false concerning the skeletal alterations caused by chronic renal failure when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declines to 25% of normal?

Question 10 options:

Parathyroid hormone is no longer effective in maintaining serum phosphate levels.

The parathyroid gland is no longer able to secrete sufficient parathyroid hormone.

The synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which reduces intestinal absorption of calcium, is impaired.

The synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which impairs the effectiveness of calcium and phosphate resorption from bone by parathyroid hormone, is impaired.

Question 11

Anemia of chronic renal failure can be successfully treated with which element?

Question 11 options:

Intrinsic factor

Vitamin B12

Vitamin D

Erythropoietin

Question 12

Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) may be accompanied by a positive throat or skin culture for which bacteria?

Question 12 options:

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Haemophilus

Question 13

What is the cause of smoky, brown-colored urine resulting from acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Question 13 options:

Presence of red blood cells

Presence of urobilinogen

Slough from the collecting tubules

Protein in the urine

Question 14

What is the pathophysiologic process responsible for the autoimmune disorder of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)?

Question 14 options:

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) coats erythrocytes that are destroyed by the spleen, and remnants are excreted through the kidneys.

Verotoxin from Escherichia coli (E. coli) is absorbed from the intestines and damages erythrocytes and endothelial cells.

Endotoxins from E. coli block the erythropoietin produced by the kidneys, which reduces the number of erythrocytes produced by the bone marrow.

Failure of the nephrons to filter urea increases the blood urea nitrogen (BUN), which binds to erythrocytes that are subsequently destroyed by the spleen.

Question 15

What is the first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children?

Question 15 options:

Periorbital edema

Scrotal or labial edema

Frothy urine

Ascites

Question 16

Bacteria gain access to the female urinary tract by which means?

Question 16 options:

Systemic blood that is filtered through the kidney

Bacteria traveling from the lymph adjacent to the bladder and kidneys

Bacteria ascending the urethra into the bladder

Colonization of the bladder when urine is static

Question 17

What causes vesicoureteral reflux to occur in children?

Question 17 options:

Children do not ask for help in urinating in a timely manner, and urine is forced up into the ureters.

The submucosal segment of a child’s ureter is short, making the antireflux mechanism inefficient.

The trigone lying between the opening to the ureters and the urethra is underdeveloped in children.

As the bladder fills in infants and children, it pulls the smooth lining of the transitional epithelium away from the ureters, making the reflux valves ineffective.

Question 18

What is the mechanism for developing Wilms’ tumor?

Question 18 options:

The development of Wilms’ tumor involves tumor suppressor genes located on chromosome 11.

Development involves an autosomal dominant inherited disorder involving the Y chromosome.

Wilms’ tumor is an autoimmune disorder.

The development of Wilms’ tumor is a congenital anomaly.

Question 19

Which statement is false about the causes of enuresis?

Question 19 options:

A maturational lag may cause enuresis.

Enuresis may be related to increased light sleep.

Obstructive sleep apnea may be a symptom of enuresis.

Excessive nocturnal levels of vasopressin may cause enuresis.

Question 20

When does an individual have his or her full complement of renal nephrons?

Question 20 options:

At birth

At six months of age

At puberty