08 Jun Question TEST # 9 – CHAPTERS 14 & 15 Ecosystem Management: Forest and Water Syst
Question
TEST # 9 – CHAPTERS 14 & 15
Ecosystem Management: Forest and Water Systems
Name _________________________________________
Test Score________ Part A: Multiple-choice Questions (40 points)
1. A graph showing the growth of forest volume over time looks like …
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) A U shape
An inverted U shape
An S shape
A pyramid
A straight line 2. Maximizing the profit of timber harvesting involves all of the following except…
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) The total costs of harvesting
The total revenues from harvesting
The interest rate
The ecological value of forest diversity
The mean annual increment 3. The mean annual increment is calculated by …
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) Dividing the annual change in biomass by the age of a forest
Dividing the total biomass by the age of a forest
Multiplying the annual change in biomass by the age of a forest
Dividing the annual change in biomass by the interest rate
Multiplying the annual change in biomass by the interest rate 4. A higher discount rate will tend to do all of the following except …
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) Reduce the optimal harvesting period
Increase clear cutting
Encourage timber harvesting to pay off debts
Reduce the mean annual increment
Increase ecological damages to forests 5. Tropical forest loss between 2000 and 2010 was
1) About 1 million hectares per year 1 2)
3)
4)
5) About 3.5 million hectares per year
About 8.5 million hectares per year
About 85 million hectares per year
Not significant, due to increased conservation efforts 6. A graph showing the proportion of forested land as a function of population density looks
like …
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) A U shape
An inverted U shape
An S shape
A pyramid
A straight line 7. Which one of the following statements about forest management is false?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) Cultivated forests tend to be monocultures
Forest area in temperate zones tends to be stable or increasing
Using the maximum sustained yield principle ensures ecosystem sustainability
Complex ecosystems tend to be more resilient
Total tropical forest area tends to be decreasing 8. Which of the following statements is not true?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) Biodiversity loss has accelerated in recent decades
Biodiversity loss has economic consequences
Biodiversity loss can be viewed as a negative externality
Biodiversity loss is internalized into commercial markets
Biodiversity loss affects birds, mammals, amphibians, and fishes 9. Demand side policies for sustainable forest management include all of the following
except:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) Expanded recycling of wood and paper products
Higher prices for paper and wood products
Subsidies for timber production
Internalizing environmental externalities into prices
Certification of sustainably produced wood products 10. An ecosystems management model can involve all of the following except….
1)
Price incentives
2)
Community management
3)
Secure land tenure
4)
Plantation monocultures
5)
Credit availability
11. About what percent of the world’s water supplies are used for agricultural purposes? 2 1)
2)
3)
4)
5) 90%
70%
45%
20%
10% 12. Which one of the following statements best describes the future of global freshwater
supplies?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) Water shortages are likely to become less frequent in both developed and developing
countries
Water shortages are likely to become less frequent in developing countries but more
frequent in developed countries
Water shortages are likely to continue at present rates in both developing and
developed countries
Water shortages are likely to increase, mainly in developed countries
Water shortages are likely to increase, mainly in developing countries 13. Which one of the following statements is true?
1
1)
Water use is clearly higher in countries with higher income levels
2)
Water use is clearly higher in countries with lower income levels
3)
Water use in a country is closely linked to the level of manufacturing
4)
Water use in a country is closely linked to the level of agriculture
5)
Water use in a country is clearly linked to electricity use
14. Which one of the following statements best describes projected water demands in the
coming decades?
1
1)
Global water demand will increase, but agricultural demand will decrease
2)
Water demand will increase significantly in all countries
3)
Global water demand will increase mainly due to increased agricultural demand
4)
Global water demand will increase mainly in developed countries
5)
Global water demand will remain relatively constant 3 15. The main problem with using groundwater to increase water supplies is that …
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) Groundwater tends to be contaminated with pesticides
Groundwater is normally found in countries that already have sufficient supplies
Groundwater aquifers are being rapidly depleted
Groundwater tends to be too salty
Groundwater tends to be too expensive 16. The main problem with using desalination to increase water supplies is that …
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) There are few available sources
It is very expensive
Supplies are usually contaminated with pesticides
Water tends to evaporate before it can be used
Communities tend to be located too far from water supplies 17. Which one of the following is an example of demand-side water management?
1
1)
Expanded development of groundwater aquifers
2)
Desalination
3)
Building large dams
4)
Increasing water prices
5)
Building small dams
18. Which one of the following is normally the cheapest way to address water shortages?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) Expanded development of groundwater aquifers
Desalination
Building dams
Water conservation efforts
Creating a system of property rights 19. Which one of the following policies would not reduce water use?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) Full marginal-cost pricing
Microirrigation technology
Reusing wastewater for industrial uses
Subsidizing irrigation systems
Removing water subsidies 20. What water price structure is most common in the United States?
1
1)
Uniform block structure
2)
Constant price structure
3)
Increasing block structure
4)
Decreasing block structure
5)
Marginal price structure 4
Part B. Qualitative Analysis (10 points)
Please complete (in Microsoft Word document) the following questions:
Question # 1: Explain how a timber company can determine whether to clear cut a forest
plot or practice sustainable forestry. What variables will they take into account?
Question # 2: Discuss the main causes of forest loss, and explain how these vary in different
areas of the world.
Question # 3: List and describe supply-side policies that could be instituted to encourage
more sustainable forestry.
Question # 4: How can water markets increase economic efficiency? List three conditions
necessary for a successful water market.
. 5
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