One key factor in interpreting behavior that results in harm to another person as aggression is (1 point)
a. the level of harm inflicted.
b. the recipient’s perception.
c. the intention of the actor.
d. whether the recipient is alive.
A dentist is drilling a cavity and the patient yells out in pain. The dentist’s behavior is (1 point)
a. an example of hostile aggression.
b. an example of indirect aggression.
c. not an example of an aggressive act.
d. an example of catharsis.
Which of the following has NOT been hypothesized as a reason for the more frequent use of indirect aggression by females? (1 point)
a. the greater empathic concern of females
b. the earlier social maturation of females
c. the gender socialization of females
d. the social structure of girls’ play groups
Kate promises herself a pizza break after she learns all the bones in the hand for her anatomy exam. Mastering the names of the 200-plus bones is taking hours, but she aims to keep to her plan. She is getting hungrier and hungrier. In other words, she is (1 point)
a. frustrated.
b. disinhibited.
c. desensitized.
d. aggressive.
A high-powered executive keeps a large punching bag in her office. When she is feeling very frustrated, she puts on boxing gloves and pummels the bag for a few minutes. According to the original frustration-aggression hypothesis, she is (1 point)
a. engaging in instrumental aggression.
b. experiencing excitation transfer.
c. cognitively primed to punch the bag.
d. displacing her frustration.
What did Berkowitz mean when he stated that sometimes the “trigger may also be pulling the finger”? (1 point)
a. The presence of firearms serves as a cue that more easily elicits aggressive behavior.
b. The arousal felt in the presence of firearms may transfer to other forms of aggressive behavior.
c. High temperatures may trigger highly aggressive behavior in otherwise placid individuals.
d. Unfair and deliberate attempts to frustrate someone are very likely to lead to aggression with firearms.
One popular explanation of why alcohol consumption is strongly related to increased aggression is that (1 point)
a. alcohol serves as an environmental cue associated with high aggression.
b. alcohol stimulates the lower brain regions that control the physiological aspects of aggression.
c. alcohol interferes with the processing of subtle situational cues, such as intention and the consequences of aggression.
d. alcohol arouses the nervous system, and this excitement is transferred to other stimuli.
What is a “culture of honor”? (1 point)
a. a set of beliefs that teaches men to protect their reputation by resorting to violence
b. a set of beliefs that minimizes the importance of aggression in society
c. a set of beliefs that relies on “honor codes” to settle disputes
d. a set of beliefs that elevates one culture’s practices over another
Which of the following is the primary question that Edward Donnerstein was attempting to answer in his research? (1 point)
a. Do women secretly enjoy being forced into sexual activities against their will?
b. Are sexually violent and erotic films equally arousing for men?
c. Does exposure to sexually violent films influence how men treat women?
d. What factors lead men to enjoy sexually violent films?
Young David’s behavior is getting wilder and wilder. When an equally wild playmate snatches a toy away from him, David is furious and prepares to strike his friend. David’s father intervenes, threatening David with severe punishment if he hits his playmate. Based on previous research findings, what is your prediction about what David is likely to do? (1 point)
a. In order to avoid punishment, David will not hit his playmate.
b. David will laugh, thus engaging in an incompatible behavior.
c. David will hit his friend as his anger will overcome his fear of punishment.
d. His powerful aggressive instinct will lead him to hit his playmate.
