QuestionQuestion 1. Question : (TCO 1) A collection of soci

Question 1. Question : (TCO 1) A collection of social science methods applied systematically to generate knowledge about crime and justice phenomena is called ______________ .

scientific methodology

criminology

criminalistics

crime scene investigation

crime and justice research

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Question 2. Question : (TCO 1) What is the primary source of information on criminal victimization in the United States?

The Federal Bureau of Investigation

The National Crime Victimization Survey

The American Victimization Association

The National Department of Victims of Crime

The Department of Victimization

(textbook Chapter 1, p. 9)

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Question 3. Question : (TCO 1) Nonreactive research is _____________.

a method that involves the collection and reanalysis of existing quantitative data

a nonreactive method used to examine the content, or information and symbols, contained in written documents or other communication media

the unobtrusive collection of data that have usually been left behind by others

a method that uses a written questionnaire or formal interview to gather quantitative data on the backgrounds, behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes of a large number of people or agencies

a method in which the researcher engages the natural environment of their subjects and strives for an up close, personal, and highly detailed understanding of the research subject’s culture

(textbook Chapter 1, p. 17)

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Question 4. Question : (TCO 1) Ethnographic field research is ______________.

a method that involves the collection and reanalysis of existing quantitative data

a nonreactive method used to examine the content, or information and symbols, contained in written documents or other communication media

the unobtrusive collection of data that have usually been left behind by others

a method that uses a written questionnaire or formal interview to gather quantitative data on the backgrounds, behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes of a large number of people or agencies

a method in which the researcher engages the natural environment of their subjects and strives for an up close, personal, and highly detailed understanding of the research subject’s culture

(textbook Chapter 1, p. 18)

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Question 5. Question : (TCO 1) Personal experience knowledge is __________.

a basis of knowledge in which we rely on what someone in a position of authority says

a basis of knowledge in which we accept something as being true because of a long-running custom or belief

a basis of knowledge in which we rely on commonly accepted, ordinary reasoning

a basis of knowledge in which we rely on the media’s construction of the truth, which often relies on claims made by politicians and government officials

a basis of knowledge in which we rely on our own lived experiences

(textbook Chapter 2, p. 42)

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Question 6. Question : (TCO 1) Overgeneralization occurs when we have _______________.

statements that go far beyond what can be justified based on the data or empirical observations that one has

making observations in a way that simply reinforces preexisting thinking, rather than attempting to observe in a balanced and critical manner

making a judgment or reaching a decision and ending in an investigation, before one has the amount or depth of evidence required by scientific standards

allowing the prior reputation of persons, places, or things to color one’s evaluations, rather than attempting to evaluate in a neutral, equal manner

(textbook Chapter 2, p. 43)

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Question 7. Question : (TCO 1) Making a judgment or reaching a decision and ending in an investigation before one has the amount or depth of evidence required by scientific standards is called ________.

halo effect

premature closure

selective observation

overgeneralization

(textbook Chapter 2, p. 43)

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Question 8. Question : (TCO 1) The word data means ________________.

the empirical evidence or information that one gathers carefully according to rules or procedures.

a system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge for purposes of understanding and/or explanation

observations that people experience through the senses—touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste

the scientific norm that says research should be judged only on the basis of scientific merit

(textbook Chapter 2, p.47)

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Question 9. Question : (TCO 1) A cohort study…

examines the same people over time with check-up points

examines different people at multiple times

examines a group of people at once

examines a different group of people with similar characteristics over time

examines a group of people over time

(textbook Chapter 2, p. 57)

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Question 10. Question : (TCO 1) A philosophical concept that asks how we know what we say we know, and what constitutes legitimate knowledge is called _______________.

determinism

falsification doctrine

replication

essentialism

epistemology

(textbook Chapter 3, p. 70)

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Question 11. Question : (TCO 1) Interpretive social science (ISS) can be traced to German sociologist ______.

Auguste Comte

Sigmund Freud

Sir Karl Popper

Karl Marx

Max Weber

(textbook Chapter 3, p. 74)

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Question 12. Question : (TCO 1) The idea that two seemingly contradictory elements or processes actually interact in a mutually transformative manner, with each transforming one another, is called

________________.

praxis

reification

mutually transformative process

dialectic relationship

bounded autonomy

(textbook Chapter 3, p. 79)

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Question 13. Question : (TCO 1) When we take our human constructions for granted to the point that they become invisible, rendering an unquestionable level of control over us, it is called _______.

praxis

reification

mutually transformative process

dialectic relationship

bounded autonomy

(textbook Chapter 3, p. 80)

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Question 14. Question : (TCO 1) A theoretical statement that specifies the relationship between two or more concepts (variables) is called ___________.

an independent variable

a dependent variable

variable

a typology

a proposition

(textbook Chapter 3, p. 95)

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Question 15. Question : (TCO 1) The co-occurrence of two events, characteristics, or factors such that when one is present, the other one is likely to be present as well, is called ____________.

a concept

an independent variable

a dependent variable

an association

an experimental variable

(textbook Chapter 3, p. 100)

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Question 16. Question : (TCO 2) Fraud that occurs when a researcher steals the ideas or writings of another or uses them without citing the source is called ___________.

loss of objectivity

scientific irresponsibility

research fraud

scientific misconduct

plagiarism

(textbook Chapter 4, p. 111)

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Question 17. Question : (TCO 2) A famous research study in which the researcher observed men engaging in sexual acts in a public bathroom, and then tracked them down a year later to conduct covert

interviews, is called _______________.

Zimbardo Prison Experiment

The Attica Study

Humphrey’s “tearoom trade”

Stanley Milgram’s Experiment

Van Maanen Study

(textbook Chapter 4, p. 117)

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Question 18. Question : (TCO 2) ____________ is an ethical principle that people should never participate in research unless they explicitly and freely agree to participate.

Freedom of choice

Free will

Determinism

Voluntary consent

Informed consent

(textbook Chapter 4, p. 119)

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Question 19. Question : (TCO 2) The role that a field researcher adopts where he or she reveals that research is being conducted, but is vague about its details, is called __________.

shallow cover

sting operation

undercover operation

deep cover

secret research

(textbook Chapter 4, p. 120)

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Question 20. Question : (TCO 2) The ethical protection that participants remain nameless, their identity protected from disclosure and remains unknown, is called _________.

anonymity

secretiveness

protection

confidential

obscurity

(textbook Chapter 4, p. 122)

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Question 21. Question : (TCO 2) Academic periodicals that publish peer-reviewed research and essays usually found in college and university libraries are called ________.

magazines

Newsweek and Time

research books

scholarly journals

all of the above

(textbook Chapter 4, p. 131)

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Question 22. Question : (TCO 2) One of the following is not one of the four types of triangulation.

triangulation of method

triangulation of measures

triangulation of observers

triangulation of theory

triangulation of technique

147)

Question 23. Question : (TCO 2) Triangulation of measures is _________________.

getting different measures for the same experiment

taking multiple measures of a phenomenon

multiple observers of a phenomenon

viewing phenomenon from multiple theoretical lenses

147)

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Question 24. Question : (TCO 2) Quality research topics come to the researcher through _____________.

reading the literature

developing out theoretical filters

paying attention to current events

taking notice of problems that need to be solved

all of the above

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Question 25. Question : (TCO 2) An intervening variable is ___________________.

a concept that varies, or an empirical measure that can take on multiple values.

the categories or levels of a variable

a cause variable that produces an effect of results on a dependent variable in a causal hypothesis

the effect or result variable that is caused by an independent variable in a causal hypothesis

a variable that comes between the independent and dependent variables and shows the link or causal mechanism between them

156)

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Question 26. Question : (TCO 2) An attribute is ____________________.

a concept that varies, or an empirical measure that can take on multiple values.

the categories or levels of a variable

a cause variable that produces an effect of results on a dependent variable in a causal hypothesis

the effect or result variable that is caused by an independent variable in a causal hypothesis

a variable that comes between the independent and dependent variables and shows the link or causal mechanism between them

156)

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Question 27. Question : (TCO 2) If the research’s hypothesis is “poverty affects the crime rate of a city,” poverty is _________________.

a concept that does not vary

the categories or levels of a variable

a cause variable that produces an effect of results on a dependent variable in a causal hypothesis

the effect or result variable that is caused by an independent variable in a causal hypothesis

a variable that comes between the independent and dependent variables and shows the link or causal mechanism between them

156)

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Question 28. Question : (TCO 2) A causal hypothesis is __________________.

a statement of a causal explanation or proposition that has at least one independent and one dependent variable, and has yet to be empirically tested

a hypothesis that states there is no significant effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable

a hypothesis paired with the null hypothesis with two independent variables in which it is unclear whether one or the other variable, or both in combination, produce an effect

a confusing and poorly designed hypothesis with two independent variables making it unclear whether one or the other variable, or both in combination, pro

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