Sports Science(Quality Work, No Plagarism, A+)

12 Sep Sports Science(Quality Work, No Plagarism, A+)

Mcnamee, Michael, Partridge, Bradley, and Anderson, Lynley. “Concussion in Sport: Conceptual and Ethical Issues.” Kinesiology Review 4.2 (2015): 190–202. Web.

The issue of concussion in sport is a matter of global public interest that is currently under dispute by educational, legal, and medical professionals and scientists. In this article we discuss the problem from philosophical, bioethical, and sports ethical perspectives. We articulate conceptual differences in approaches to definition and therefore diagnosis of concussion. We critically review similarities and differences in the leading consensus statements that guide the treatment of concussion diagnosis and treatment in sports. We then present a series of ethical problems including issues that relate to paternalistic intervention in the lives of athletes in order to prevent harm to athletes, conflicting and competing interests, and confidentiality.

Caron, Jeffrey, and Bloom, Gordon. (2015). “Ethical Issues Surrounding Concussions and Player Safety in Professional Ice Hockey.” Neuroethics 8.1: 5–13. Web.

Concussions in professional sports have received increased attention, which is partly attributable to evidence that found concussion incidence rates were much higher than previously thought (Echlin et al. Journal of Neurosurgical Focus 29:1–10, 2010). Further to this, professional hockey players articulated how their concussion symptoms affected their professional careers, interpersonal relationships, and qualities of life (Caron et al. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 35:168–179, 2013). Researchers are beginning to associate multiple/repeated concussions with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a structural brain injury that is characterized by tau protein deposits in distinct areas of the brain (McKee et al. Brain 136:43–64, 2013). Taken together, concussions impact many people in the sporting community from current and former professional athletes and their families to medical and health professionals and researchers. In light of the growing awareness and sensitivity towards concussions, the purposeof this paper is to provide recommendations that are designed to improve player safety in professional hockey and address the ethical issues surrounding these suggestions.

Mccalla, Sandra, and Shepherd, Neil. “MORAL/ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT IN SPORTS.” International Journal of Arts & Sciences 7.4 (2014): 371–381. Web.

From as early as human memory can go, individuals in various cultures have engaged in various recreational and competitive activities. It is from these recreational, entertainment and competition activities that more organized and structured competitive games and sports were developed. The foundation of these competitive sports hinges on fairness and honesty but these ethical concepts are not always upheld. It is with this in mind that this paper seeks to offer a philosophical investigation into the use of performance enhancing drugs in competitive sports with a focus on the importance of ethics and fair play. We believe that the existing system of banning performance enhancement drugs and punishing athletes caught using same may be warranted in order to maintain the integrity of sports. In a quest to respond to the issues raised on fairness, our discussions will focus on an ethical framework. From this ethical perspective, we combine Jeremy Bentham’s Utilitarian theory with Kant’s Deontology theory to show how a combination of both theories can provide one possible response to the ethical actions of athletes in respect to the use of performance enhancers. We argue for a form of ‘self duty’ that all athletes should have to the ethical rules as is applied to honesty and integrity.

Hums, Mary, Barr, Carol, and Gullion, Laurie. “The Ethical Issues Confronting Managers in the Sport Industry.” Journal of Business Ethics 20.1 (1999): 51–66. Web.

The sport industry is an extremely diverse industry, including segments such as professional sport, intercollegiate athletics, health and fitness, recreational sport and facility management. The industry is currently experiencing rapid growth and development, and as it grows, sport managers in the different segments encounter ethical issues which are often unique to each segment. The professional sport, intercollegiate athletics, health and fitness, recreational sport and facility management segments of the sport industry are examined and the various ethical issues facing managers in each of these segments are discussed.

2.  Tell the class how you found the materials (What you typed into the library search, etc.)

I TYPED ETHICAL ISSUES IN SPORTS in APUS TEFRY LIBRARY aanand selected peer-reviewed.

3.  Explain what you learned from the articles specifically, how the articles contribute to our knowledge of the topic?

Differentiate between primary and secondary sources: As a student, you will be asked to write essays, case studies, term papers, research papers, etc.  In some instances, professors may only require secondary sources.  In other cases, your professors may require a primary source.  There may even be instances where a professor would allow both primary and secondary sources.  For this reason, it is essential for you as a student to be able to differentiate between primary and secondary sources.

 

Primary Source: Primary sources are from research that one conducts directly on their own.  The study can be based upon numerical data or quantitative analysis, or it can be based upon strategies of inquiry or qualitative research.  Here are some ways students can gather information from primary sources. A student can gather primary information from their eyewitness account of an event, or through an interview or a survey (not an exhaustive list).

Primary sources should be read carefully and should not be taken for the literal truth.  The reader must consider the author, the purpose, and the audience.  It is also important to consider the context.  For instance, look at the period in which the piece was written, then find the differences between that time and today.

 

Secondary Sources:  Secondary sources are research and data collected by another person or body.  A literature review is compiling information about your topic from existing sources.  These sources would be secondary sources.

Consider this example:  You are writing an essay for a class.  In this essay, you are required to use three academic sources.  The journal articles chosen as support would be classified as secondary sources.  This is information you are using which comes from a source other than your own account or experience.

Now, on the other hand, if you plan to incorporate your personal experience or own eye-witness account of an event, then this would be a primary source.

Examples of Primary Sources: Primary sources are original documents: speeches, diaries, interviews, observation, and surveys.

Examples of Secondary Sources: Secondary sources are at least one step removed from the primary source; often written about a primary source: articles, textbooks, book review.

 

Examples of Primary and Secondary Sources

Primary Source	Secondary Source
Conference Papers Correspondence Dissertations Diaries Interviews Lab Notebooks Notes Patents Proceedings Studies or Surveys Technical Reports Theses	Criticism and Interpretation Dictionaries Directories Encyclopedias Government Policy Guide to Literature Handbooks Law and Legislation Monographs Moral and Ethical Aspects Political Aspects Public Opinion Reviews Social Policy Tables

 

Source: The Evolution of Scientific Information (from Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, vol. 26).

***Classmate Responses:  Are these articles presented primary or secondary sources? (see week 2 lessons for a review on primary and secondary sources).

Classmate 1 respond (warsea)

For all 3 articles I typed in “exercise and mental health” into the search bar.

The first source that I looked at was titled “An examination of serotonin and psychological variables in the relationship between exercise and mental health.” This article documented a study that divided subjects into a stretching group and an exercise group, and put them through a study that took several weeks. Questionnaires measuring anxiety, depression, and blood draws measuring serotonin were done at the beginning and end of the study, and the results were studied and compared. This particular article contributes to our knowledge because we have concrete scientific evidence on how exercise can improve a person’s mental health state.

The second source that I read through was titled “Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move.” In the article, it took a neurological approach and looked closer at the effects exercise has on aging and mental health on both animals and humans. The article improved our knowledge about the subject because it looked at how exercise changes the brains functions and physiological effects on the body.

My final source was “Exercise Interventions for Improving Mental and Physical Health in Schizophrenia.” Based off the title I thought it was going to cover how exercise can potentially help minimize Schizophrenia, but in reality it was about how exercise can help reduce the physical issues that come with schizophrenia such as weight gain, sedentary behavior, and an unhealthy diet. I think it is important to our topic because we cannot rely solely off the title to trust that it is the article we need. Also, it is important because I realize I had limited myself to the definition of mental health and looked at it solely as mood and mental state. But I did not think about how when someone is going through something as depression or other mental health issues, they tend to be sedentary and not take care of themselves. Exercise can help reverse it or reduce it.

 

Reference:

Deslandes, A., Moraes, H., Ferreira, C., Veiga, H., Silveira, H., Mouta, R., … Deslandes, A. (2009). Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move. Neuropsychobiology, 59(4), 191–198.https://doi.org/10.1159/000223730

Malchow, B. (2017). Exercise Interventions for Improving Mental and Physical Health in Schizophrenia. European Psychiatry, 41(sS), S9–S9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.080

Wipfli, B., Landers, D., Nagoshi, C., & Ringenbach, S. (2011). An examination of serotonin and psychological variables in the relationship between exercise and mental health. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science, 21(3), 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01049.x

Classmate 2 response (john)

In the Tefry library I used the search terms “exercise” and “mental health”, with the Boolean operator “and”. Furthermore, each term was contingent on containing a title. The first source I found was Increasing exercise’s effect on mental health: Exercise intensity does matter, by Gronwal et al. This source discusses the significance of intensity, as it relates to mental health. Although there may be improvements in mild and medium intensity exercise, high intensity exercise has the greatest influence at keeping cortisol levels, a stress hormone, low. This would contribute to the topic because keeping cortisol levels stable, or managing stress, could benefit individuals with mental illness.

The second source, Exercise and mental health, by Mikkelsen, Stojanovska, Polenakovic, Bosevski and Apostolopoulos, goes into detail about mental health and exercise in general. However, the effect exercise has on the neurotransmitters has the most relevance, within this source. For example, out of all the imbalances, which are associated with mental health, like serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and glutamate, they were normalized either immediately following exercise, or following a program through time. Imbalances returned for those who seized exercise. This is significant topic knowledge, for it covers the key imbalances of mental illness.

For the last source, I wasn’t finding articles of interest, so I replaced the search term “mental health” with “metal illness”. I, however, kept “exercise”.

The final source, The importance of exercise for individuals with chronic mental illness, by Weber, goes into detail about the consequences of obesity and weight loss prevention, as related to individuals with mental illnesses. Although it warns about the dangers of obesity, in general, like diabetes or hypertension, the source mentions how mental health plays a role in weight gain. For example, individuals with mental health diagnoses, typically, eat high-fat foods and do not exercise. Furthermore, there are many medications that may increase appetite. This is useful information because obesity and weight loss can play an important role in mental health, especially in self-esteem, as well.

References

Gronwald, T., Velasques, B., Ribeiro, P., Machado, S., Murillo-Rodríguez, E., Ludyga, S., … Budde, H. (2018). Increasing exercise’s effect on mental health: Exercise intensity does matter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(51), E11890–E11891. doi:10.1073/pnas.1818161115

Mikkelsen, K., Polenakovic, M., Bosevski, M., Apostolopoulos, V., & Stojanovska, L. (2017). Exercise and mental health. Science Direct, pg. 52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.003

Weber, M. (2010). The importance of exercise for individuals with chronic mental illness. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services, 48(10), 35-40. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy2.apus.edu/10.3928/02793695-20100831-01

****ASSIGNMENT 2*****

1.  Perform a google search based on  Our chosen research topic , and see what comes up in the media. ETHICAL ISSUES IN SPORTS

2.  What did you type in your for your search?

From pages 1 -2 in your search results, fine one good source, and one bad source.

3.  Clearly label each source and provide a link and explain why each source is either good or bad.

Classmate Review:  Do you agree with your classmate’s labeling of their discovered sources? Why? Why not?

( CLASSMATES RESPONSE BELOW INSTRUCTIONS)

 

ALL FORUMS INSTRUCTIONS

Initial Response : Initial responses should be no less than   150 words   in length   not including your reference(s) and   supported by at least one reference (aside from the textbook) . Initial responses are due no later than 11:55 p.m. ET on   Wednesday, Day 3   of each week. This allows time for other students to respond to your initial response. Please be aware that just “cutting and pasting” sections of articles (in lieu of writing an original initial post) is not acceptable and will negatively impact your grade.

Peer Responses:  Students are required to respond to at least two (2) other student’s initial postings (and the instructor) with significant comments that have substance. Peer responses are due no later than 11:55 p.m. ET on   Sunday, Day 7   of each week. All peer responses must be substantial and significant and should be no less than   75 words   in. If possible, one of the responses to another’s work should be from an opposing viewpoint. Your response to your peer’s   work should be engaging and informative with good substance (just stating “I agree…” is not acceptable). Your responses should contribute in a meaningful way to helping advance our knowledge of the topics the class explores. Your responses to another’s work should be posted as a sub-thread to the student’s original posting of whom you are commenting.

4. Classmate. Responsed By warsea

After reading and learning about credible vs. non-credible sources in our lessons for the week, I found that using google as a search engine to produce credible sources is much more challenging than finding non-credible sources. I would of never had known in the past, prior to reading the lessons how many sources look credible and reputable but are not due to being outdated, biased, or having a .com address. <o:p>

The words I searched in google were, “High intensity interval training vs resistance training”.

One credible source I found, was conducted through pubmed; a free public database that the United States National Library of Medicine by the National Institutes of Health oversees. It is a .gov website which is more credible than ,com or ,org sites. Additionally, the article was written by authors who have advanced education in the science field; the article also cites sources from google scholar and various other reputable websites. Lastly, the article was published in 2016 which is not considered to be outdated. <o:p>

I found multiple sources that prior to the readings I would have considered credible. One source in particular was an article written by a certified personal trainer named Jeremiah Bair. It was written in 2018, so it is not outdated. Therefore, you would think it is credible, you have a person with advanced education, writing on a topic in their field of study, and it’s not outdated. However, I learned you must look past those few items, this article becomes non-credible because it is extremely biased. It is all his personal opinion. He did not use any sources, conduct any studies, or surveys to prove his theories or draw a conclusion. Therefore, it is all personal opinion and biased. It is also derived from a commercial .com website. <o:p>

References: <o:p>

Robinson, R. (2016). High Intensity Interval- vs Resistance or Combined- Training for Improving Cardio Metabolic Health in Overweight Adults. Retrieved September 10, 2019, fromhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4919882/<o:p> Bair, J. (2018). Is HIIT More Effective Than Heavy Weightlifting For Fat Loss?. Retrieved September 10, 2019, from https://www.mindpumpmedia.com/blog/is-hiit-more-effective-than-heavy-weightlifting-for-fat-loss<o:p>

5. Classes reresponse

The words I typed in for my research this week were “exercise” and “mental health,” and I also typed in “exercise and mental health benefits.” My first good result that I thought would be beneficial was fromwww.healthdirect.gov.au . I thought this was a good source to use because it is coming from a .gov site, and it references sources such as the Australian Government Department of Health, and the British Journal of Pharmacology. There was also a hyperlink that allowed people to review Health Directs quality assurance process so they can be assured that they are not posting just anything on their site.

On the second page there were still some .gov and official articles from the NHS, so the one I would question is fromwww.psychcentral.com   titled “7 Unexpected Mental Health Benefits of Exercising.” It is written by someone with a Ph.D who works in this area, but there are no sources cited for the claims that they are making. Even though she does work in the field and I’m sure she knows what she is talking about, I would prefer to see sources and studies so I can know the information is legitimate and not just speculation.