16 May SUMMARIZE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING A REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN.
Cozby, P. C., & Bates, S. C. (2015). Methods in Behavioral Research (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Richardson, G. A., & Day, N. L. (1999). Studies of prenatal cocaine exposure: Assessing the influence of extraneous variables. Journal of Drug Issues, 29(2), 225-236. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/docview/208833439?accountid=458
2.Independent variables are tested to see of the have an effect on the dependent variable, which is why the extraneous variables (not intentionally studied) are known to be undesirable variables, and sometimes they are difficult for the researcher to control (Cozby, 2015). As an example, since the extraneous variable is not a variable of interest, they may still influence an outcome of a research study or experiment. According to Losen & Oyinalde (2014), the extraneous variable has its positives as it can be used to provide alternative explanations when coming to the experiments effects, but it must be controlled for and not take the place of the independent variable, which has to determine the actual effects. References:Cozby, P. C., & Bates, S. C. (2015). Methods in Behavioral Research (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Losen, A., & Oyinalde, A.O (2014) Extraneous Effects of Race, Gender, and Race-Gender Homo- and Heterophily Conditions on Data Quality 4(1) Directory of Open Access Journals DOI: 10.1177/2158244014525418
3.The variable that I think is most difficult to evaluate is the confounding variable. In our reading from chapter four they talk in depth about the confounding variable. They explain the third variable that is hard to get a read on. According to Cozby & Bates (2015) the confounding variable is what we call the third when an uncontrolled one is operating. When a third variable is operating it can cause a huge problem since it can introduce an alternative explanation which can reduce the overall validity of the study (Cozby & Bates, 2015). If two variables are confounded they are so intertwined that you will not be able to determine which of the variables is operating in a situation (Cozby & Bates, 2015). The example they give is about how exercise can cause a reduction in anxiety but when they input income that can cause the third variable (Cozby & Bates, 2015). The third variable which can be extraneous to the two variables being studied. There can be any number of third variables that may be responsible a relationship between two variables (Cozby & Bates, 2015).
Cozby, P. C., & Bates, S. C. (2015). Methods in Behavioral Research (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
4.The confounding variables can be difficult to control by the researcher (Cozby & Bates, 2015). In fact, it is said that researchers do fail to control it, as to eliminate the underlying problems the human judgment is necessary. The confounding variable also makes it difficult to find a linkage between treatments and the outcomes. According to Brodt, Dettori, Skelly (2012), Confounding happens when the effects are mixed, where the confounding factors may provide false demonstrations which show to be apparently associated with the treatments and or outcomes, when in reality there is not an association. When coming to exposures in the medical field, treatment group observations, consideration is recommended when coming to the effect truly due to exposure or alternative explanations, there for appropriate methods have to be used for adjustments, where the human judgment is required.
References:
Brodt, E., Dettori, J.R., Skelly, A.C. (2012) Assessing bias: the importance of considering confounding NCBI Retrieved from: https;//www.ncbi.mlh.nih.gov
Cozby, P. C., & Bates, S. C. (2015). Methods in Behavioral Research (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Experimental Design Chapter 8
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Define confounding variable, and describe how confounding variables are related to internal validity.
Describe the posttest-only design and the pretest-posttest design, including the advantages and disadvantages of each design.
Contrast an independent groups (between-subjects) design with a repeated measures (within-subjects) design.
Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of using a repeated measures design.
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