umuc bio160 week 3 discussion

11 Jun umuc bio160 week 3 discussion

Question
WEEK 3 DISCUSSION

TOPIC 1 PULSE RATE

The heart rate of an average male or female, at rest, is about 72 to 75 BPM. Your heart rate can range between 60 to 90 BPM and still be normal, depending on age, weight, mild activity levels and state of health. Your heart rate can increase to 130 BPM or more during strenuous exercise but should drop back to normal within 3 minutes of stopping the exercise. Children have much higher heart rates than adults due to a higher metabolic rate and conversely elderly people tend to have slower heart rates due to inactivity. Athletes also tend to have larger, slower heart rates often around 60 BPM. Levels below 40 BPM and above 150 BPM tend to be dangerous.

Obtain your minute pulse rate by placing your index and middle fingers together over the radial artery in your wrist. Alternately you can place these fingers on your carotid pulse point in your neck. Have someone time 60 seconds while you are counting your pulse. Record your pulse rate here by starting a new thread and placing your pulse and gender into your posting title. In the text box indicate your gender, age and what you were doing just before taking your pulse.

Please put pulse rate and gender into the thread title so the data will be easier to record next week. Thanks!

MINUTE PULSE RATE:

GENDER:

AGE:

ACTIVITY:

WE WILL USE THIS CLASS INFORMATION NEXT WEEK.

TOPIC 2 CARDIAC OUTPUT

CARDIAC OUTPUT: Your cardiac output, which is the volume of blood that pumps through your body each minute, should be equal to or greater than your total blood volume to ensure full oxygenation of all your tissues. In this exercise, we will estimate your blood volume and stroke volume and then calculate your cardiac output using the stroke volume and your actual pulse rate. Then we will compare your calculated cardiac output to your estimated blood volume to determine if you are well oxygenated or not. PLACE YOUR STROKE VOLUME IN THE POSTING TITLE PLEASE.

ESTIMATED BLOOD VOLUME: The average adult male has about 5 to 5.5 to 6 liters of blood depending on whether his frame is small, medium or large.The average adult female has about 4 to 4.5 to 5 liters of blood also depending on her respective frame size. The chart provided here can help you to determine your estimated blood volume based on your height and weight.

ESTIMATED STROKE VOLUME: Each time the heart pumps, about a cup of blood moves into and out of the heart. The maximum heart chamber sizes do not change, so the stroke volume remains constant. To move more blood, the heart rate must increase. At rest, the average stroke volume is about 70 ml per beat, but the range of stroke volume can vary from 60 to 90 ml per beat. You can choose any value between 60 to 90 ml for this exercise. If you are of a small stature, choose a value below 70 and if you are of a larger stature use a value closer to 90 ml.

HEART RATE: For this exercise, we will be using the resting pulse rate you established in topic 1.

CALCULATED CARDIAC OUTPUT : Determine your cardiac output using the formula CO = SV x HR, where SV is your estimated stroke volume (a value between 60-90 ml) and HR is your heart or pulse rate at rest in BPM (beats per minute). The final answer will be in milliliters per minute. When doing math, always show your substituted values before showing the final answer. Please be sure to put in the units as well since numbers without units are meaningless!

EVALUATION: Compare your calculated cardiac output (CO) to your estimated blood volume (BV). Is your output adequate for good oxygenation? Why?

PLACE YOUR STROKE VOLUME IN THE POSTING TITLE PLEASE.

ESTIMATED BLOOD VOLUME (BV) =

REASON =

ESTIMATED STROKE VOLUME (SV) =

REASON =

PULSE RATE (HR) =

CALCULATED CO = SV X HR =

EVALUATION =

If you edit an original post to upgrade, the system does not send up a flag to let your instructor know that a change has been made, so please leave a short reply message to make the instructor aware that a change has been made.

TOPIC 3

Click on the link below for a very short explanation of blood types and transfusion problems:

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=antibody+blood+type+transfusions&&view=detail&mid=F5D2551ACADAE522868CF5D2551ACADAE522868C&FORM=VRDGAR

BLOOD

ANTIGENS: Antigens are proteins on the surface of red blood cells. A, B and RH + are the major proteins but there are over 495 other possible proteins that can be on the surface of RBCs.

ANTIBODIES: Antibodies are attack agents in the plasma (fluid) that the RBCs float in. A, B and RH + are the major antibodies in the plasma, but there are hundreds of other possible antibodies that can be present. Each antibody is named after the antigen it can destroy.

ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY RESPONSE: Antibodies in your plasma will attack and destroy foreign antigens that enter the blood stream. For example: Antibody A will destroy antigen A. Antibody B will destroy antigen B, Antibody RH + factor will destroy antigen + RH.

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MAJOR BLOOD TYPES: A+, A-, B +,B-, AB+, AB- , O+, O-

BLOOD TYPE A+: Antigen A and Rh+ will be present on the RBC surface but only antibody B can be in the plasma. (Antibodies A and Rh + must be absent!)

BLOOD TYPE A-: Antigen A will be present on the RBC surface but antibodies B and Rh + can be in the plasma. (Antibody A must be absent! )

BLOOD TYPE B+: Antigen B and Rh+ will be present on the RBC surface but only antibody A can be in the plasma. (Antibodies B and Rh + must be absent!

BLOOD TYPE B-: Antigen B will be present on the RBC surface but antibodies B and RH +can be in the plasma. (Antibodies B must be absent!)

BLOOD TYPE AB+: Antigen A, B and Rh+ will be present on the RBC surface but no similar antibodies can be in the plasma!

BLOOD TYPE AB-: Antigen A and B will be present on the RBC surface but only antibody RH+ can be in the plasma.

BLOOD TYPE O+: Antigen RH + only will be on the RBC surface but antibodies A and B can be in the plasma.

BLOOD TYPE O-: Antigens will be absent on the RBC surface but antibodies A, B and RH + can be in the plasma.

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TRANSFUSION PROBLEMS

TRANSFUSION PROBLEMS: In a blood transfusion, if the donor plasma has antibodies to the antigens on your RBCs …. OR… if you have antibodies in your plasma that can attach and destroy the donor antigens on the RBCs, then an antigen-antibody reaction will occur that will make the cells sticky. The sticky cells will agglutinate (clump together) and die. The dead cells will hemolyze (break down) but probably not before the sticky clumps have blocked blood vessels in the brain, heart, lungs or other areas of the body. The blockages are painful and can deprive cells beyond the blockages of oxygen and nutrients . This can lead to a stroke, heart attack, pulmonary embolism or organ damage which can lead to death.

SOLUTION 1: The antibody-rich plasma from the donated blood must be removed by centrifuging the donor blood and decanting the plasma. The plasma is then replaced with safe physiological saline to bring the blood fluid volume back to normal.

SOLUTION 2: Your plasma may naturally contain many antibodies to antigens in donated blood…and you can synthesize new antibodies once exposed to foreign antigens after the first transfusion. But we cannot remove your plasma! So every single transfusion must be tested in the lab for agglutination prior to a transfusion to check for unexpected antigen-antibody responses that can kill you.

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Universal Donor: Type O blood is the universal donor since there are no antigens on the donor cells, but the donor plasma can contain antibodies A, B or Rh+! So the donor plasma is removed and replaced with physiological saline during the preparation of the blood.

Universal Recipient: Type AB+ blood is the universal recipient since their plasma contains no A, B or RH+ antibodies. BUT… all donor blood may contain antibodies….. so the plasma must be removed and replaced with saline so that the donated blood does NOT agglutinate the recipient’s blood! Even so, unexpected reactions may occur, so all blood must be tested prior to any transfusion!

GENETIC VARIANTS: The reality is that blood typing is not simple. Many genetic variants exist. The donor blood plasma can contain unknown antibodies that can agglutinate unknown antigen proteins on the surfaces of a recipient’s blood cells. To eliminate these free-floating antibodies, donor blood is centrifuged and the plasma (with antibodies) is discarded and replaced with safe physiological saline. In a transfusion, therefore, you will receive only the donor’s red blood cells!

AGGLUTINATION: Agglutination is a process where by the ANTIBODIES IN PLASMA attach to the ANTIGENS ON CELLS and cause the cells to become sticky and form a large clot. An un-moving clot of blood, blocking flow in a blood vessel, is called a THROMBOSIS. If that clot breaks up and moves, it is called an EMBOLISM. If this clot then becomes lodged in smaller diameter blood vessel, it can cause severe pain pressure and de-oxygenation of tissues down stream from the block. In the worst cases, this can lead to a stroke (in the brain), a heart attack or serious lung/breathing problems and cause death.

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If you know your blood type, enter it into your subject line (POST TITLE). (A+,A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-)

If not known, then ask a volunteer for their blood type or choose one at random. Please answer the question “Why” with full sentences and complete comparative statements discussing both blood type’s antigens and antibodies.

What is your blood type?

What antigens and antibodies are present or absent in your blood?

If you receive an initial transfusion of type AB+ blood, will you survive? Why?

If you receive an initial transfusion of type O- blood, will you survive? Why?

If your blood and the blood from a person who is type A+ mix… at a crime scene… will this spilled blood agglutinate? Why?

What blood types can you receive blood from? Why?

TOPIC 4 EXERCISING HEART RATE

Your pulse rate is directly related to your heart rate.

EUCARDIA: For the average adult American male between the ages of 25 and 30, the average resting heart rate is 72 to 75 beats per minute. This rate is called eucardia (true heart rate) and is our basis of comparison. A heart rate can be faster or slower than the classic eucardia average. A new born baby’s heart rate can be 120 to 140 bpm and young children also have very high heart rates (75-120 bpm) which are directly related to their higher metabolic rates. The heart rate corresponds to the metabolic rate. The faster our cells work metabolically, use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide; the faster the blood must flow through the lungs to pick up needed O2 and dispose of the waste CO2. Lack of oxygenation associated with exercise can lead to permanent brain cell shrinkage and death.

TACHYCARDIA: If your heart rate at rest is more than 90 bpm, you may be out of shape, have a lung infection or may have congenital tachycardia (rapid heart rate) which can result in rapid fatigue. Any heart rate over 90 bpm is called tachycardia.

BRADYCARDIA: If the heart is less than 60 bpm, the condition is called bradycardia (slow heart rate) which may be due to long-term inactivity, heart damage, poor circulation or, ironically, extreme fitness such as in a super athlete. In an athlete, bradicardia is compensated by a larger stroke volume and the person is fine. Otherwise, bradycardia will also result in fatigue, depression and confusion.

EXERCISING HEART: When exercising, your heart rate can actually rise above 90 bpm for short periods of time. The target rate for average young adults is about 130 bpm. Athletes often have an extremely slow resting rate of around 60 bpm and their exercising rate may increase to 90 bpm or more and then quickly drop to a rate close to (but still above) their normal resting rate! So they will have lower target rates. Someone who is out of shape should not suddenly try to obtain a 130 bpm as a target rate. The increments should correspond to the frequency of exercise and state of health. The faster a heart rate (tachycardia) returns to “normal” after exercise is an indicator of good heath.

You have already established your resting heart rate in the pulse post, now determine your exercising rate. Jog in place for 2 minutes as fast as you can and then determine your heart rate for 10 seconds immediately upon stopping. Multiply the 10 second rate by 6 to obtain your exercising heart rate. Characterize both rates using the descriptions above. Please use the terms: EUCARDIA, BRADYCARDIA or TACHYCARDIA.

Put your exercising heart rate into the new thread title.

RESTING HEART RATE:

CHARACTERIZATION:

EXERCISING HEART RATE:

CHARACTERIZATION:

TOPIC 5 REPORT TOPIC

In this conference, select a new thread. In the title, record your research report topic.

Once a topic has been taken, no other student may select it. Please select any disease or medical condition that is of interest to you. In your text box, refine your topic to focus as needed. Once approved, please begin your online research. You can start with wikipedia for ideas, but remember that source is not allowed as a reference. With key words you can then search the internet for valid professional sources such as journals or associations. Blogs, news reports and novels are not allowed. Next week you will be asked for your three main references. During week 5 you will then be asked to write this report.

Rare diseases and sources of information can be found at this link:http://www.rarediseases.org/rare-disease-information/rare-diseases/viewIndex?tab=K

A list of common diseases and disorders can be found at: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/diseases-and-disorders/

OPTIONAL: Go to: RESOURCES > TURNITIN or http://www.turnitin.com/en_us/login when your report is written to check it for originality.

The Turnitin class id is: 11405867

The enrollment password is: HumanBiology

This service is provided so you can check the originality of your report. You can submit your initial report and a second version. Neither will be graded via Turnitin. Instead, once you are satisfied with your report you will need to submit it into the H5