03 Jul UST 200 ” intro to urban studies” half or one paper
The City Explores Its Behavior
Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
It is focused on the individual.
Attempts to investigate the causes of behavior using non-random and objective procedures for observation, measurement and analysis, backed-up by theoretical interpretations, generalizations, explanations and predictions.
Psychological perspectives can be applied to the study of the urban environment.
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychology revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then the way to do it is to figure out what processes are actually going on in their minds.
The cognitive perspective is concerned with “mental” functions such as memory, perception, attention etc.
Humans undergo stages of development. This includes thought, judgment, and knowledge.
Piaget’s stages of (child) development, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and Kolberg’s stages of moral development.
Behaviorism
The concept of free will is simply an illusion.
All human action is the direct result of conditioning.
Actions that are followed by good consequences are reinforced and therefore those behaviors are more likely to occur again in the future.
Behaviors that result in negative consequences, on the other hand, become less likely to occur again.
Psychoanalysis
It is both a theory and a therapy.
People have little free will to make choices in life. Instead, our behavior is determined by the unconscious mind and childhood experiences.
The human mind is like an iceberg, with only a small amount of it being visible, that is our observable behavior, but it is the unconscious, submerged mind that has the most, underlying influence on our behavior.
Humanism
A psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person.
The humanistic perspective centers on the view that each person is unique and individual, and has the free will to change at any time in his or her lives.
The humanistic perspective suggests that we are each responsible for our own happiness and well-being as humans.
We have the innate capacity for self-actualization, which is our unique desire to achieve our highest potential as people.
Heuristics
Heuristics are commonly defined as cognitive shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decisions.
Represent a process of substituting a difficult question with an easier one.
Can lead to cognitive bias.
A cognitive bias is a non-random error in thinking, in the sense that a judgment deviates from what would be considered desirable from the perspective of accepted norms or correct in terms of formal logic.
For example, confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one’s preconceptions.
Social Psychology
Social psychology is about understanding individual behavior in a social context.
It is concerned with the factors that lead us to behave in a given way in the presence of others, and look at the conditions under which certain behavior/actions and feelings occur.
Topics examined in social psychology include: the self concept, social cognition, attribution theory, social influence, group processes, prejudice and discrimination, interpersonal processes, aggression, attitudes and stereotypes.
Cultural Psychology
Cultural psychology is a sub-field of psychology that offers alternative explanations for how identities and cultures interact.
A branch of psychology that is focused on how our emotions and behaviors are influenced by or rooted in our individual cultures.
The fundamental belief in cultural psychology is that not only do human beings shape their cultures, but that cultures also shape human beings.
Cultural psychology offers a new set of potential tools and models for exploring the development of a person’s psyche. It can provide a more nuanced understanding of why people behave in a certain way, which will promote better communication and understanding of diversity.
Neuroscience and Urbanization
What are the biological, psychological and social prerequisites for healthy urban living?
Density has mental health implications.
Stress is the unspecific physiological and psychological reaction to perceived threats to our physical, psychological or social integrity.
Stress increases with the anticipation of adverse situations and the fear of not having the adequate resources to respond to them.
The World Health Organization has highlighted stress as one of the major health challenges of the twenty-first century. Urban living is quickly developing as a major contributor to this.
American Planning Association Task Force report.
Contribute to a greater understanding and amelioration of those problems associated with urban life;
Promote and sustain those aspects of urban life that enhance individual and societal growth, development, and well-being; and
Encourage research, training, and practice related to urban initiatives.
Framework for helping psychologists effectively and collaboratively work on issues that have relevance to the residents of urban areas, as well as those local and national policymakers who make decisions that affect urban environments.
Assignment for Friday, February 24
Please read Chapter 16: The City Encounters Diversity
Our website has a team of professional writers who can help you write any of your homework. They will write your papers from scratch. We also have a team of editors just to make sure all papers are of HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE. To make an Order you only need to click Ask A Question and we will direct you to our Order Page at WriteDemy. Then fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline.
Fill in all the assignment paper details that are required in the order form with the standard information being the page count, deadline, academic level and type of paper. It is advisable to have this information at hand so that you can quickly fill in the necessary information needed in the form for the essay writer to be immediately assigned to your writing project. Make payment for the custom essay order to enable us to assign a suitable writer to your order. Payments are made through Paypal on a secured billing page. Finally, sit back and relax.
About Writedemy
We are a professional paper writing website. If you have searched a question and bumped into our website just know you are in the right place to get help in your coursework. We offer HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE Papers.
How It Works
To make an Order you only need to click on “Order Now” and we will direct you to our Order Page. Fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline.
Are there Discounts?
All new clients are eligible for 20% off in their first Order. Our payment method is safe and secure.