When assessing a positive relationship between alcohol consumption

15 Jun When assessing a positive relationship between alcohol consumption

Question
Question 1 of 25
4.0 Points

When assessing a positive relationship between alcohol consumption and oral cancer using a case-control study, increasing the sample size of the study will result in which of the following

A.A lower p value

B.A greater odds ratio

C.A smaller 95% confidence interval

D.A & C only

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Question 2 of 25
4.0 Points

The measure of the benefit to the population derived by modifying a risk factor is the:

A.risk difference

B.etiological fraction

C.population etiologic fraction

D.population risk difference

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Question 3 of 25
4.0 Points

An approach to estimating the effects due to the single exposure factor is to compute the:

A.risk difference

B.etiological fraction

C.population etiologic fraction

D.population risk difference

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Question 4 of 25
4.0 Points

A statistical association may be causal or noncausal. In addition, many diseases require that more than one factor be present for disease to develop. Examples of multiple causation models include:

A.web of causation

B.wheel model

C.pie model

D.all of the above

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Question 5 of 25
4.0 Points

You are investigating the role of physical activity in heart disease and suggest that physical activity protects against having a heart attack. While presenting these data to your colleagues, someone asks if you have thought about confounders such as factor X. This factor X could have confounded your interpretation of the data if it

A.is a factor for some other disease, but not heart disease.

B.is a factor associated with physical activity and heart disease.

C.is a part of the pathway by which physical activity affects heart disease.

D.has caused a lack of follow-up of test subjects.

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Question 6 of 25
4.0 Points

The strategy which is not aimed at reducing selection bias is:

A.development of an explicit case definition

B.encouragement of high participation rates.

C.standardized protocol for structured interviews.

D.enrollment of all cases in a defined time and region.

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Question 7 of 25
4.0 Points

The purpose of a double-blind study is to

A.achieve comparability of cases and controls.

B.reduce the effects of sampling variation.

C.avoid observer and interviewee bias.

D.avoid observer bias and sampling variation.

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Question 8 of 25
4.0 Points

Which of the following is not a method for controlling the effects of confounding in epidemiologic studies

A.Randomization

B.Stratification

C.Matching

D.Blinding

E.Restriction

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Question 9 of 25
4.0 Points

Surgeons at Hospital A report that the mortality rate at the end of a one-year follow-up after a new coronary bypass procedure is 15%. At Hospital B, the surgeons report a one-year mortality rate of 8% for the same procedure. Before concluding that the surgeons at Hospital B have vastly superior skill, which of the following possible confounders would you examine?

A.The severity (stage) of disease of the patients at the two hospitals at baseline

B.The starting point of the one-year follow-up at both hospitals (after operation versus after discharge)

C.Difference in the post-operative care at the two hospitals

D.Equally thorough follow-up for mortality

E.All of the above

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Question 10 of 25
4.0 Points

Sensitivity and specificity of a screening test refer to its:

A.reliability

B.validity

C.yield

D.repeatability

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Question 11 of 25
4.0 Points

Lead time bias is best described as:

A.an apparently lower survival rate among persons screened compared to an unscreened group.

B.an actually longer survival time for persons identified during a screening program because they were given an effective treatment.

C.a similar survival time for persons identified during a screening program relative to persons who are diagnosed by clinical symptoms.

D.an apparently longer survival time among persons identified during a screening program because they were identified at an earlier stage of their disease.

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Question 12 of 25
4.0 Points

The adverse consequences of using a screening test which has a low specificity include:

A.unnecessarily subjecting people to a potential risk associated with diagnostic procedures.

B.possible psychological trauma that accompanies suspicion of a disease.

C.increased burden of further diagnostic services.

D.increased costs of the screening test.

E.all of the above

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Question 13 of 25
4.0 Points

The degree of agreement between several trained experts refers to

A.internal consistency

B.repeated measures

C.concurrent validity

D.inter-judge reliability

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Question 14 of 25
4.0 Points

A test that determines whether disease is actually present is a:

A.screening test

B.diagnostic test

C.reliability test

D.none of the above

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Question 15 of 25
4.0 Points

A person with an inapparent infection

A.can transmit the infection to others.

B.is a danger to family members but not to others in the community.

C.never develops antibodies.

D.is of no epidemiologic importance.

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Question 16 of 25
4.0 Points

The epidemiological triangle considers which factor(s) in the pathogenesis of disease:

A.agent

B.host

C.environment

D.all of the above

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Question 17 of 25
4.0 Points

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published an article concerning the high rate of foot fungal disease in New Orleans. The article explains that there has been a high rate of foot fungal disease in New Orleans for decades. Foot fungal disease in New Orleans is best described as

A.epidemic

B.endemic

C.incident

D.pathogenic

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Question 18 of 25
4.0 Points

An attack rate is an alternative incidence rate that is used when

A.describing the occurrence of food-borne illness or infectious diseases.

B.the population at risk increases greatly over a short time period.

C.the disease rapidly follows the exposure during a fixed time period.

D.all of the above

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Question 19 of 25
4.0 Points

Host factors in the causation of disease include:

A.temperature and humidity

B.chemicals in the air, water, or food

C.genetic factors

D.altitude

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Question 20 of 25
4.0 Points

An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. Assume everyone ate the same food items. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72. The attack rate of salmonellosis was:

A.13.4%

B.47.4%

C.28.2%

D.7.7%

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Question 21 of 25
4.0 Points

An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. Assume everyone ate the same food items. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. The virulence of salmonellosis was:

A.13.4%

B.47.4%

C.28.2%

D.7.7%

E.3.6%

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Question 22 of 25
4.0 Points

Which of the following examples involves indirect transmission of disease?

A.Malaria

B.Hepatitis caused by needle sticks

C.HIV/AIDS

D.Pneumoconiosis

E.A and B

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Question 23 of 25
4.0 Points

The ability of an agent to cause disease in the infected host is referred to as:

A.infectivity

B.pathogenicity

C.virulence

D.toxigenicity

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Question 24 of 25
4.0 Points

Community A receives its water from several sources. The water source responsible for causing an outbreak of disease X is unknown. The best evidence to determine which suspected water supply is responsible would be:

A.the identity of the water supply providing water to the largest proportion of cases.

B.the relationship between quantity of water consumed and the severity of attack for each individual.

C.the identity of the water supply that has the greatest opportunity for contamination during the epidemic.

D.the attack rates for disease X in those who did and did not drink from each water supply.

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Question 25 of 25
4.0 Points

The table below shows the mumps experience of children in 390 families exposed to mumps by a primary case within the family:

Population

Cases

Age in years

Total

No. susceptible before primary cases occurred

Primary

Secondary

2 − 4

300

250

100

50

5 − 9

450

420

204

87

10 − 19

152

84

25

15

The secondary attack rate among children aged two to four years is:

A.18%

B.20%

C.33%

D.50%

E.60%